Theodore Roosevelt And The Cuban War - 1086 Words

The most important person in American history is Theodore Roosevelt. During his life, he made a great impact on America. Roosevelt was the 26th president and fought in the Spanish-American War, also known as the Cuban War. He was the most influential person who supported the completion of construction of the Panama Canal. One of the first and most important National Parks, Theodore Roosevelt National Park in western North Dakota, was named after him too. During his presidency, he inspired many. If it was not for Theodore Roosevelt, our society would not be as advanced as it is today. Theodore was born on October 27, 1858. He was six when President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated, and he watched the funeral procession from his grandfather s house in New York City. As a child, he was sickly and weak, and suffered from dangerous asthma. Part of the 4th generation of Roosevelts in this country, his boyhood nickname was Teedie.. Teedie spent most of his free time collecting dead animals or animal skeletons trying to form a small museum he set up in a nursery with his cousins. This was around the time when he was starting to become interested in science. Zoology was his favorite science subject. He left for Europe for a few years. Bored from the traveling, Theodore decided to play with his siblings. Unfortunately he played roughly and had a few minor accidents. After awhile, he noticed it was harder for him to see. By the age of 13 he and his family had found out that he hadShow MoreRelatedTheodore Roosevelt s Influence On Latin America1290 Words   |  6 Pages Theodore Roosevelt was a President known for a very dynamic and progressive administration, and his foreign policy in Latin America was no exception. His policies in Latin America were beneficial for the rapidly growing United States, but left an impact on Latin America that was both positive and negative. President Roosevelt took past policies of the United States, such as the unenforced Monroe Doctrine of 1823, and amended them to have the backing of the Navy in the early 1900s. One particularRead MoreTheodore Roosevelt And His Influence On Our Lives1388 Words   |  6 Pagesdropout who would preside as presid ent of the United States and win a nobel peace prize? Theodore Roosevelt was an accomplished man that had tremendous influence on our lives today through his presidency as well as his political contributions. Over the next few pages we will take a closer look at the Theodore or â€Å"Teddy† Roosevelt’s accomplishments in life, his presidency and delve into his political policies. Theodore Roosevelt’s childhood was adventurous despite him suffering from asthma. His fatherRead MoreThe Spanish American War And The Civil War2050 Words   |  9 Pages1.The Spanish-American War was fought in 1898. It was a very short war and had very little deaths compared to the previous wars and battles. The Spanish-American War only lasted one hundred and thirteen days. Even though the Spanish American war was a short war, it had many of very useful world-changing outcomes. The conflict began when the Cubans wanted independence from Spain. Spain would not give Cubans their independence. The Cubans go tired of begging so eventually, the United States got involvedRead MoreThe Battle Of The Uss Maine1458 Words   |  6 PagesOn April 19th, 1898, the United States declared war on Spain. Over the next three months the United States, along with Cuban Rebels waged war against the Spanish forces in hopes of returning the Cuban lands back to its people. President McKinley who was pressured into war by yellow press, sent American forces into battle which ultimately led to the birth of a western hemispheric super power, the United States. The sinking of the USS Maine, the use of yellow press journalism, and the national uproarRead MoreAPUSH Essays1633 Words   |  7 Pagesresponses to TWO of the following to Secretary of State John Hay’s view that the Spanish American War was â€Å"a splendid little war†; William Jennings Bryan, Theodore Roosevelt, Alfred Thayer Mahan, Emilio Aguinaldo When Secretary of State John Hay stated that the Spanish American War was a â€Å"splendid little war†, he received mixed responses from people such as William Jennings Bryan, Theodore Roosevelt, Alfred Thayer Mahan, and Emilio Aguinaldo. Some people of the Philippines, especially the nationalistRead MoreThe Spanish American War During The 19th Century1391 Words   |  6 Pages At the end of the 19th century the Spanish-American War was fought between the United States, and Spain. The war started a new beginning for three nations, the United States, Cuba and Spain. At the end of the war an empire would fall and new one would be created and Cuba would become an independent nation. Though battles were fought all over the world the war itself was mostly about Cuban Independence. During the latter half of 19th century Cuba was under the control of SpainRead MoreThe Spanish American War of 1898 Essay1316 Words   |  6 PagesThe Spanish American War of 1898 One hundred years ago, in 1898, the United States was fighting the Spanish-American War. The victory over Spain made the United States a colonial power. The Spanish colonies of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, as well as the formerly independent nation of Hawaii, became American possessions. The excuse for entering the war was the rebellion by the Cubans against Spanish rule and the explosion of an American battleship U.S.S. Maine. The SpanishRead MoreThe Spanish American War s Impact On America892 Words   |  4 Pagesaddressing the Spanish-American War, and the changes that it ushered in for America, it’s important to look at more than just the war itself. The people involved in the war, weather individuals or groups of people, were the real force of change. From people who fought in the war itself, mindsets that emerged from the victory, or the economic advantages gained; all point to one important thing. America became a larger world power in the aftermath of the Spanish-American War. Before discussing the longRead MoreSpanish American War : The Spanish War720 Words   |  3 PagesSpanish-American War The Spanish-American War was in 1898. It was an issue between the United States and Spain. The war began in the Cuban struggle for independence from Spain, which began in February 1895. Spain’s harsh measures to stop the rebellion were represented for the U.S. public by many newspapers, and American sympathy for the rebels rose. Spain announced an armistice on April 9 and speeded up its new program. Spain declared war on the United States on April 24, followed by a U.S. declarationRead MoreThe American Of The Spanish American War Essay1301 Words   |  6 PagesIn 1898 the Spanish American War or nicknamed â€Å"The Splendid Little War,† began and was short lived lasting roughly four months forever changing our country for the better and the worse. Although the war might have seemed focused on freeing Cuba from Spain and gaining independence for Cuba and the Philippines, it was actually stimulated by nationalism and commercialism. Commercialism was a major factor when declaring war because the United States depended on Cuba and the Philippines for trade and

Henry David Thoreau s Narrative Of The Life Of Fredrick...

Abolitionist Fredrick Douglass was born in â€Å"the backcountry of Maryland’s Eastern Shore† in 1818 (Gates et al. 327). By having a slave mother, Douglass was automatically considered a slave (Gates et al. 327). Therefore, he faced many masters and mistresses; however, he eventually gained his freedom by escaping. Although Douglass’s Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass, an American Slave is not the first of its genre, it is the best-selling eighteenth-century fugitive slave narrative, surpassing classic white autobiographies as Henry David Thoreau’s Walden (Gates et al. 327). Nevertheless, the narrative is memorable because of â€Å"Douglass’s style of self-presentation, through which he dramatized the evolution of his sense of self via conflict with the mental as well as the physical bonds of slavery† (Gates et al. 328). The narrative demonstrates that Douglass and other slaves’ birth information are not available to them . In addition, when he was about seven years old, his mother dies. Believing that his father is a white man, Douglass explains that many slaveholders rape their female slaves because according to the law, if a child has a colored mother, he/she would be a slave. Therefore, the master benefits from raping due to the number of slaves increasing. From an early age, Douglass observes the fear of slaves towards their masters/mistresses of telling the truth about how they are treated. If the slaves tell the truth, they are punished by their mastersShow MoreRelatedYour Freedom Is Not Free Essay1645 Words   |  7 Pagesformation of individual and cultural identity in American literary history. Certain nineteenth century American writers stand out for their real-life dedication to freedom and non-conformity for seeking to free themselves from whatever shackles limited them from reaching their potentials, both literally and figuratively. Henry David Thoreau, Fredrick Douglass, and Ral ph Waldo Emerson are exemplary writers of the nineteenth century who strove to articulate not only the ideas of freedom and justice,

Witches And The Puritan Society - 921 Words

In the 17th century church was the foundation of the people of New England. The main religion of the time was Puritanism which carried over when most of the colonist moved to Massachusetts. The main reason that the colonist moved was to find religious tolerance away from the strict Puritan lifestyle. Puritans believed that the smallest sin could result in a huge misfortune. They were also frowned upon for expressing their feelings and opinions, and were expected to have no individual differences. They believed in the devil just as much as they believed in God. The Puritan people constantly struggled between good and evil, which often led to giving into the temptation of Satan. Those who gave into the temptations and followed Satan were considered witches. Witchcraft to the Puritan people was one of the worst crimes committed and those who committed it were sentenced to death. Most of those who were believed to be witches were females. To the Puritans, witches were usually female beca use they were believed to have made a promise to Satan. The Puritans used witchcraft as a way to prove that Satan and his powers were real. The witch craze took over the small Puritan area of Salem Village, Massachusetts in 1692. It was late February of 1692 when the Reverend Parris had a doctor take a look at her daughter, Betty and his niece, Abigail after long term strange fits. The fits included seizures, horrifying screams, erratic behaviors and the appearance of bruises and bites onShow MoreRelatedThe Salem Witch Trial1152 Words   |  5 Pagesbecause of one factor such as Ergotism, but several more. The affliction started by mind suggestion. The early beliefs and superstitions in Puritanical society that were practiced on an everyday basis supported the idea that the behaviors and physical conditions of the afflicted girls were the evil works of the witches, and the Devil. Among many Puritans, this belief becomes a fear, and then this fear becomes like an additional topping that adds up to causing convulsive hysteria and also hallucinationsRead MoreAmerican Horror Story: Witch Hunt702 Words   |  3 PagesThe fear of and execution of witches isnt only an American horror story, this particular hunt was in place in England before. In 1542 parliament made witchcraft a capital crime, and between the years of 1645-1647 several hundred were hanged(Karlsen 2). Although in theory, men and children could be witches but still ninety percent of the witches hanged in England were women. The country feared the witches because of the belief that they caused harm on neighbors and properties, also called maleficium(KarlsenRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trial Hysteria1196 Words   |  5 Pagesconsisted of Puritans, both Separatists and non Separatists alike. From the start, the Puritans believed that the Bible was true in all aspects: every word, every idea, every thought--was true. The Puritans also had minimal understanding of science, which led them to believe that phe nomenon was an act of the Devil. Thus, when three young girls admitted to seeing demons and started behaving strangely, the Puritans grew progressively hysterical because they became more convinced that witches existed withinRead MoreThe Crucible Reflection1083 Words   |  5 PagesThe Crucible takes place in Old New England during the time when Puritans were the dominant culture. The movie is based around incidents that sparked the Salem witch trials. In 1692 a woman by the name of Abigail Williams, the niece of the esteemed Reverend Parris, and a group of her friends where playing in the forest with an African American Slave named Tituba in Salem, Massachutes. They were caught with the slave and questioned. Unfortunately, when they were caught one of the girls, Betty, fainted;Read MoreAn Analysis of Theme in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essays860 Words   |  4 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne, in his short story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† details the frailty of human moralit y when he has the story’s protagonist (Goodman Brown) journey through the forest on All Hollows Eve to witness/participate in a witches’ Sabbath just to see what evil/sin is all about. During Young Goodman Brown’s journey, his faith is shaken as he witnesses those he respects the most also journeying to and participating in the witch’s Sabbath. In â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† Nathaniel Hawthorne demonstratesRead More Salem Lifestyle Triggers Death Essay1660 Words   |  7 Pagesthe unstable condition of the village, and the colonists’ way of life. The colonists of Salem village were Puritans, and the preachings of this religion played a major role in the cause of the trials. The religion in the colony was based upon Puritan theology. Puritan theology was influenced by John Calvin, who believed that the â€Å"elect† would prosper (Burner 43). All of the Puritans believed that God set up the social classes in each community. If someone was meant to prosper during their lifeRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials : Witchcraft And Magic Were Two Ideas1180 Words   |  5 Pagespeople accused of being witches in Salem, Massachusetts did not practice witchcraft. The Puritans were falsely accused of sorcery which can be proven through many theories and the false credibility of legal evidence. The lifestyle of the Puritans may have influenced the witch craze. According to the Discovery School Web Site, the Puritans had restricted lives; they were expected to repress inner emotions and opinions and if they weren’t they’d be punished. The small Puritan colony of MassachusettsRead MoreSalem Witch Trials1478 Words   |  6 Pagespracticing witchcraft. These trials were caused by different social climates of the area including the very strong lack of a governor, the split between Salem Village and Salem Town, and the strict puritan lifestyle during the time period. Tituba, the black slave, was a foreigner from Barbados. Her role in society was to take care of Mr. Parris’s family. Tituba’s situation contributed to her role in the witch trials because Mr. Parris promised her freedom if she confessed guilty. Tituba also realized thatRead MoreA Delusion Of Satan By Frances Hill Essay1532 Words   |  7 Pagestrials. In the novel, Hill started out exp laining the Puritans’ beliefs and customs, the gender roles of men and women in Salem and why women were easily accused of being witches and practicing witchcraft in the 17th century. During that time, women were easily accused of practicing witchcraft because they were viewed as physically, politically and spiritually weaker than men. Men were perceived as the power, status, and worthy in the society, and they dominated women’s behavior and social statusRead MoreSalem Witch Trials Paranoia Essay1629 Words   |  7 PagesTrials shook the Puritan foundation of America. There was fear linked to the Devil and how it is omnipresence. The Puritan belief in the Devil psychologically had a profound effect on New England anxiety. Most of the people in Massachusetts were Puritan colonists who fled England, seeking religious tolerance, but the Puritan beliefs and rules were far from tolerant. The Puritans believed that witchcraft wasn’t only reasonable, but it was also s cientifically rational. To the Puritans, the Devil was

Transportation Security AdministrationPrior to and Post 9/11

According to the Bureau of Transportation Statistics a total of 631,939,829 passengers boarded domestic flights in the United States in the year 2010. This averages to 1.73 million passengers flying per day (Cessoni.) All of these people must go through security checkpoints provided by the Transportation Security Administration (TSA.) TSA’s history, cost, and specific purpose are ideas I will discuss further. Prior to 9/11, commercial airport security was minimal. The most an individual had to do was remove the coin change in their pockets or maybe even taking off belts that had particularly large buckles and walking through a metal detector. Not today. Now there are full body scanners at some airports. Twelve years ago, non-ticketed visitors could escort their loved ones departing to airline gates. No today. Security prior 9/11 was what I would say is lackadaisical. There was a point in time where pilots would fly with the cockpit doors open, and they would even invite younge r children to the cockpit to take a glimpse at the controls. Not today. Currently, the cock pit door stays closed, usually with a flight attendant standing guard in front of it. Prior to 9/11, you only had to show ID when you were checking in and only two questions were asked: Did you pack your own bags? Have your bags been seen outside your control? No today. Now all luggage, carry ons included, are searched by TSA agents. Today, on every flight, there are at least one to two officers disguised forShow MoreRelatedThe Security Administration ( Tsa )1133 Words   |  5 Pagesattacks of 9/11, congress passed sweeping changes to the security of aviation and border protection in the United States. Three agencies were significantly impacted by these changes and the aftermath of 9/11: Transportation Security Administration (TSA), U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), and Federal Air Marshal (FAM). However, 14 years later is important to review the changes which were implemented by s weeping popularity following 9/11 and evaluate their effectiveness. The Transportation SecurityRead MoreU.s. Security Since 9111368 Words   |  6 PagesU.S. Security Since 911 By Travis Bublitz LA 11 Quarter 3 online May 2015 Then They Were Gone. The twin towers turn into a pile of ash and rubble after two planes disintegrate in the center of both towers. People were running every were to get to out of the ash and smoke fire fighters running in while everyone is running out many not making it back out. From this day on nothing has been the same the people were devastated that it happened and cried out for better security in ourRead MoreSeptember 11th And The World Of Aviation1415 Words   |  6 PagesMacy Oller Mr. Litz American Lit 09 December 2016 September 11th and the World of Aviation September 11, 2001 was a Tuesday and changed air transportation as we know it. This devastating day in history was when a total of four American Airlines airplanes were hijacked. Most collided with important United States buildings. The first two planes intentionally collided with each of the Twin Towers in New York. Shortly after, the third plane hit the Pentagon in Virginia. Amazingly, the passengers onRead MoreEssay on Profiling and Airport Security1628 Words   |  7 PagesThe world is living in a post 9/11 era. Since that September day, security measures have heightened and extra precautions are in place to prevent something of that nature from happening again. The terrorists involved in 9/11 appeared to be shockingly similar to a typical American Citizen. However, their behaviors from that week prior were alarming. Examining the terrorists who have become more prevalent in the last twenty years, there are several things in common with all of them. Their profilesRead Mor eHomeland Security1093 Words   |  5 PagesMillions of innocent lives were lost on 9-11-01. A problem not widely discussed in the United States much until September 11, 2001 the date of the attack from terrorist organizations on the world trade centers’ New York towers in New York City. The United States of America has not worried much about self-defense or in this case homeland security. Due to the actions on September 11th homeland security has been the main goal of many politicians and voters. Homeland security builds coalitions and partnershipsRead MoreThe Impact of September 11, 2001 Essay1221 Words   |  5 PagesOn September 11, 2001 a series catastrophic events occurred in New York City, New York. Al-Qaeda planned strategically conducted events, known as suicide attacks. Nineteen al-Qaeda members hijacked four commercial airplanes, including United Airlines Flight 93, American Airlines Flight 11, American Airlines Flight 77 and United Airlines 175. Two of the plane s purposely crashed into the World Trade Center buildings. In addition, another plane crashed into the Pentagon in Arlington, VA. and the fourthRead MoreDevelopments For Securing The Nations Ports1574 Words   |  7 PagesSeptember 11, 2001: According to American Association of Ports Authorities (n. d) the United States is served by some 360 commercial ports that provide approximately 3,200 cargo and passenger handling facilities and there are more than 150 deep draft seaports under the jurisdiction of 126 public seaport agencies located along the Atlantic, Pacific, Gulf and Great Lakes coasts, as well as in Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Transportation Security Administration (2010)Read MoreThe Change in Airport Security from 9/11 Essay1579 Words   |  7 PagesThe terrorist attacks on September 11, 2011 prompted the world to reevaluate and drastically modify airport and airline security. â€Å"Four targets had been chosen, all iconic American buildings that would send a clear message of the depth of their hatred for the United States. All four planes crashed, killing all on board—terrorists, crew members, and passengers, along with hundreds who were killed inside the structure s, on the ground, and the men and women who ran into collapsing buildings in an effortRead MoreThe Change in Airport Security from 9/111500 Words   |  6 PagesThe Change in Airport Security from 9/11 The terrorist attacks on September 11, 2011 prompted the world to reevaluate and drastically modify airport and airline security. â€Å"Four targets had been chosen, all iconic American buildings that would send a clear message of the depth of their hatred for the United States. All four planes crashed, killing all on board—terrorists, crew members, and passengers, along with hundreds who were killed inside the structures, on the ground, and the men and womenRead MoreTerrorism : A Global Issue Essay1749 Words   |  7 Pageslives to acts of terrorism, is typically not one to cross our minds. On September 11, 2001, this mere thought became the reality for many families. The eleventh of September will forever be remembered as the date a terrorist organization, known as al-Qaeda, attacked the United States killing thousands of innocent people. The al-Qaeda organization have exposed vulnerabilities in the United States’ homeland security. Many have questioned how could this happen to a country known to be the most powerful

Viloin Technical/Descriptive Essay Free Essays

The crowd waited in silence as minutes had passed. Then suddenly the velvet red curtains began to part. Rushing to opposite sides of the stage revealing a girl. We will write a custom essay sample on Viloin Technical/Descriptive Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The spotlight shining bright directly on her, you could see the fear in her glossy hazel eyes as she took a quick glimpse into the crowd. She slowly closed her eyes and gently laid her head on her shoulder rest of her beautiful classical 4/4 violin. We watched as she placed her fingers correctly and there it was, the first note. A beautiful A flat. So petite and perfect you knew her performance was going to be astonishing. A violin is a beautiful instrument to look at. That beauty, which comes from the instrument’s curved and often shiny body, is what helps make the sound you hear. The body of a violin is hollow. The strings are above the body, suspended by a bridge. The bridge is a small, maple piece of wood. This bridge is secured on the instrument because of the tension of the strings. When the violin is played, the vibration of the strings is transferred from the bridge to the body. The vibration is amplified in the body of the violin, and this is the sound you hear. The sound of a well played violin is the sound of emotions, from the length of sadness to the shortness of expectations. Sometimes, it’s low pitch, whispering like the wind and warm like a blanket and then it gets higher and higher until the pitch is so high, it’s borderline painful, but just before you reach the pain†¦ it stops and get silenced†¦ and then whispers again. The violin is the highest pitch instrument in the orchestra like the higher part of a piano. Sometimes the violin can sound scratchy when you mess up but other times it sounds like harmony and peace when you succeed. Sounds like the high pitch of the bird singing outside your window that wakes you up in the morning. Majestic like water, drops of water creating ripples of sound. Waves that flow into your ears and give you those goosebumps that make the little hairs on your arms stand up. The beautiful sound that makes your ears ask for more and more of its gorgeousness . That when they stop playing you feel that little crack in your heart from the loss of the astonishing sound you crave for more of. She pulled back on her bow creating her last note. Her last note was a decrescendo on the note E. She drew back her bow slowly not quite letting the beautiful sound end just yet, It slowly faded away into the distance, my ears lingered to hear the note that was disappearing into the darkness. My eyes were closed , secretly begging to hear more but all i heard was silence. I opened my eyes and saw she had picked up her bow. The audience was so astonished they sat in silence. That pause felt like eternity but then i stood to my feet and began to applaud her, as everybody else in the crowd followed me and a tear fell off my cheek, Knowing that was my student on that stage. How to cite Viloin Technical/Descriptive Essay, Essays

Drug And Club Essay Example For Students

Drug And Club Essay Drugs and nightclubsDrugs are illegal in most countries and the extermination of drugs has always been one of our most important worldwide issues. Ending the existence of drugs is one of the toughest and most complicated goal we face. With all the effort we put into the issue, why is there little success? Lack of effort is not a major reason the attempts are failing. It is the lack of understanding that leads to the misdirection and failure of the attempts. As long as a strong desire to use drugs exists, drugs wonft exterminate. Why people take drugs? Drugs symbolize power, states, freedom, and the ultimate ghighh in our world. Drugs can help people achieve higher states, more power and their success. We are not easily deterred from using drugs because we refuse to give up our dreams and goals, and often are willing to do whatever it takes along the path to success. The desire for the drugs is worth the risk of being caught. In reality, the risk of getting caught is extremely few. Th erefore, many people are willing to risk getting caught because the benefits of drugs outweigh the risks. @Drugs are always been closely linked to the entertainment industry. Nightclubs have become the ideal place to administer drugs. In this essay I would discuss gClub drugsh which are used popular in nightclubs. GHB (gemma hydroxybutyrate) is surfacing on the street, in private nightclub and on the body builder scene. A central nerveous system depressant, GHB has been leagally used as and anesthetic, and for treatment of majour. The main date rape drug is Rohypnol, it is also known as gRoofiesh. It is similar to Valium, but then times more powerful. Rohypnnol is illegal in the United States, but it is used in other countries prescribed for sleeping disorders. It is usually found in a small odorless, tasteless white pill that can be crushed up and easily dropped into a drink. it dissolves fast making hard to detect. It can also be found in a liquid form, which are rare, but can make it harder to detect. Effects of Rohypnol usually occur within twenty to thirty minutes. The effects include drowsiness, dizziness, and being disoriented. It also affects motor skills such as walking, talking and balance. It makes one feel like very drunk. This is why it is becoming known as a club drug. Rohypnol is used mostly as an enhancer drug, which means hat it is taken to enhance the effects of another drug. Onefs health risks increase with he consumption of alcohol, which can lead to death or coma. Rohypnol has been found t o be philsically addictive and it does have bead withdrawals. The main side effect of the drug is a memory loss of four to ten hours, during which time a person can be rendered helpless. Another date rape rug is GHB (gamma hydroxybutyrate), known as gliquid ecstasyh, gliquid Gh or grievous bodily harm. GHB is also used as an enhancer drug, because it has no hangover and usually can not be detected four to five hours after dispension. Also it has no documented long-term effects, or physiological addiction. It is usually found as a clear liquid. GHB used to be legal, it was used by body builders to help build muscle, but was banned in 1990 for public safety concern, because it could become harmful when mixed with other drugs. Effects of the drug are usually felt in fifteen to twenty minutes. The effects are different for each person. GHB caused short-term amnesia. Common effects are nausea, dizziness, confusion and drowsiness. Health risks also increase with the consumption of alcohol or other drugs.

Cost management free essay sample

What factors led to the adoption of the COQ system? Why do you think the company chose to adopt a financial measure of quality? 1) Reasons of adoption of COQ system Competition : In the late 70’s, international competition led to focus on quality improvement. Their customer HP publicized a study that product of HP’s best American suppliers to be inferior to HP’s worst Japanese suppliers. Quality control ii essential for TI’s long-term competitive success. Customer satisfaction : Improving quality is considered by many to be the best way to enhance customer satisfaction. Cost saving and improve productivity : Improving quality is the best way to reduce manufacturing costs and to increase productivity. Bird-eye view : TI want to do their job right the first time. Their organizations treat strategic planning and quality improvement planning as an integrated activity. They want to find hidden quality costs and reduce hidden costs using COQ. 2. Evaluate the COQ variables adopted by the Materials Controls Division. Should they be changed? Why? Evaluation of COQ variables Prevention cost Appraisal Cost Internal Failure Cost External Failure Cost -Quality Engineering -Receiving inspection -Equipment Repair/Maintenance -Mfg. Engineering -Design Engineering -Quality Training -TSL Laboratory -Design Analysis -Product Acceptance -Mfg. Inspection -Quality Scrap -Rework -Mfg/Process Engineering -Net RMR Cost -Marketing -Mfg/Process Engineering -Repair -Travel -Liability Claims Appeared in the above table are variables that are COQ variables which Texas Instruments currently adopted and practicing variables at their sites. All of these COQ variables can be easily recognized as useful and needed components for COQ purpose. However, these variables cover only operational COQ variables. It also means that it cares only about quality related costs that emphasizes much on short term cost reducing and profit increasing matters. In addition, these way of controlling quality is easily appeared at American companies. Then, this cannot measure COQ sharply. Japanese companies’ way of looking at the quality is different from Americans’. Japanese companies’ approach to COQ is more like directing action instead of as a goal. Japanese also allocate responsibility of quality to all level of employees. This align with the concept of â€Å"Top-to-Sharp†. In addition to operational COQ variables, operational variables cannot explain all COQ, such Japanese-like strategic approach can help measuring COQ more precise. 2) Suggested Strategic COQ variables. KPI : COQ related KPI must be developed to push people toward participating in quality improvement issues.. Company-wide continuous process improvement : it should not limited to production department, should apply to all level of management for company-wide 3. What value are the four quality cost categories (prevention, appraisal, internal and external failure)? How can this information be used? There are four categories in the cost of quality as bellows. Prevention costs : Costs incurred to prevent non-conforming units from being produced. Appraisal costs : Costs incurred to ensure that materials and products that failed to meet quality standards were identified prior to shipment. Internal failure costs : Scrap costs and costs incurred in correcting errors caught at appraisal, Before delivery of the product to the customer External failure costs : Costs incurred in correcting errors after delivery of the product to the customer. Prevention costs and Appraisal costs are called â€Å"Control costs† that is incurred to prevent defective products. And â€Å"Failure costs† are costs that is incurred to correcting errors by defective products. These two categories of COQ (Control costs and Failure costs) have some correlation as below diagram. [Exhibit 1] Correlation of Quality and COQ The more defective products the larger failure costs but in that time control costs (prevention and appraisal cost) are small. The less defective products the smaller failure costs but control costs increase very highly. We cannot and do not supposed to effort to make a product`s quality â€Å"100% Perfect† because we do more effort to do that our COQ will be increased to unaffordable level. We have to find the optimal level of quality in consideration of the quality needs of customers and the costs level. Actually according to our individual experiences, if we mention cost of quality we mean â€Å"Failure cost† in most of real business. Most of control costs (prevention and appraisal cost) are not easy to account by financial measure and the amounts of it is not so large. And if we try to account the amount of control costs, the measuring costs could be larger than that. This is the reason why most company do not take into account the Control costs seriously and do not try to measure that. But we can see by 1 : 10 : 100 rules (that is.. if we invest $1 to prevention activity we can save $10 of appraisal cost and save by $100 of failure costs), by the small effort to prevent unconformity we can save huge amount of failure costs and prevent disasters. (refer to Exhibit 2) [Exhibit 2] Failure cost and process time More important point of view about â€Å"Control cost† is that the prevention activities are related with company-wide level not restricted to production related departments. If we do not account the Control cost, most of (production) indirect departments do not care about the seriousness of quality loss cost and do know the significance of their quality related activities. So, we have to adopt these COQ and using those information (and by using KPI systems related with these COQ results) let employees know the importance of quality management by each individual and involve employees to company-wide quality management. The last and most important point of view about COQ lays in the â€Å"Intangible Loss†. (refer to Exhibit 3) As we previously explained, we can account the COQ and by using that we can lead employees to quality-oriented activities and improve the level of quality. But there are many variables that is hard to accountable or unaccountable (let us call this â€Å"Intangible Loss†) These intangible loss (like loss of reputation or brand image, chilling effect of employees) is so formidable that company can go bankrupt at overnight. So, many of Japanese companies to inculcate the mindset of significance of intangible loss by quality mgt. Manual inspection cost during work in process Failure Cost (Non-Conformity Cost) Internal F-Cost  · Quality scrap  · Rework  · Reinspection / Retest  · Keeping excess inventory  · Unreported defective products External F-Cost  · Processing Customer Complaints  · Field repairs  · Recall cost / Warranty Cost  · Processing returned Goods  · Penalties  · Loss of reputation / brand image  · Chilling effect of employees  · Cancellation or cease of orders [Exhibit 3] Classifications of COQ and examples of variables * Yellow shaded parts are most fatal quality cost and could be a huge amounts. 4. What changes to the COQ system should Werner Schuele, the Vice President of People Asset Effectiveness, recommend? 1) Importance of COQ Average net profit for many companies are less than 5% of sales. COPQ (Costs Of Poor Quality) is big, usually 15~20% of sales. Total COQ on the average is 25% of sales. Some companies are as high as 40%. COPQ is usually 3 to 5 times of its profit, can be 10 times. So â€Å"Don’t let poor quality costs eat companies’ profits! † is important. If company reduces COPQ, can have higher profit for company. 2) Limitations of COQ (Traditional way) There are some limitations of COQ. For example, misunderstanding poor cost of quality drivers means not to figure out the root causes of poor quality correctly. The company put lots of efforts and money to the drivers but they could not get it properly. Additionally, there are some other limitations on process, people, measurement, culture and etc. Finally, these limitations lead unsuccessful COQ implementation. Especially, Mr. Schuele concerned that, in this case, capturing indirect COPQ costs is very important. These costs can cause considerable loss to the company; even the company can be collapsed. But it is very hard to measure and find it out. If the costs can’t be measures in numbers, then the company can’t handle and invest to reduce costs. 3) Recommendations Increasing Revenue through high quality In traditional way, companies put lot of efforts to reduce costs to maximize their profit. As time goes by, quality is getting important in market. Customers want good quality products than low quality and cheap products. Moreover, nowadays many of companies have heaps of data of customer needs. If they can make high quality products through these data and effective quality control strategy, their profit will be increased. This approach is a new profit maximization strategy. 4) Point of view The company should change a different point of view about COQ from costs to process or strategy. As successful Japanese company, company-wide efforts from teams directly related with production to indirect teams to do COQ activity constantly will be needed through processes or systems. Constant process like TQM (Total Quality Management) can be an answer. Through TQM, every direct or indirect teams or employees try to find any problems with production, even extend their effort to optimize company and their process. Therefore the company can find and improve indirect costs naturally which normally hard to find, too. Finally, Long term view will be needed for executing COQ. Short-term COQ and TQM In short term view, their process will be trapped in death spiral, like this picture. For profit, cutting budget for production leads more error, and fixing costs and low quality product. It cause total costs increase and poor profits. Long-term COQ and TQM On the other hand, long term view leads virtuous circle. Proper invest in quality improvement causes improvement of productivity and quality. Finally they will decrease in total costs and get higher profits.