Approaches to calculation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Ways to deal with count - Essay Example The supplementation of science learnt in school with their locally situated images can cause children to have a more profound and better cognizance of what is instructed in class. In figure 3 Barney has utilized different images to impart his thought. He has utilized beans, window boxes, the hand, bolts, numerical (10, 1, 2, 3, 6, 4 and 5) and letters (t, I, s). Grain endeavors to speak to numerical articulations utilizing images. He expresses that â€Å"10 t 1 is p† which implies that 10 remove 1 gives 9. In this example he utilizes the letter â€Å"t† to speak to the numerical image of (â€) which implies less. The letter â€Å"p† represents 9 of every a reversed structure. The entire portrayal should imply that 1 detracted from 10 gives 9 or in a scientific image way it’s just 10-1=9. He likewise expresses that â€Å"2 t is 1† to mean 1 detracted from 2 gives 1. He utilizes another structure in the subsequent occurrence including bolts and a window box with beans in it. The bolts rising up out of the pot are images that speak to the demonstration of removing a bean the pot and the quantity of beans in the pots to one sid e of the bolt speaks to the quantity of beans that are left once the bean is takeaway from the pot. This entire portrayal represents a standard numerical image of 2-1=1 and 8-1=7 communicated in Barney’s own images. Code exchanging is apparent here as he changes from utilizing numerical and letters to drawings and bolts. He at that point changes to utilizing numbers and bolts and â€Å"is† which speak to the equivalent sign in a standard scientific portrayal. The bolts indicate the short or remove sign. Finally he draws the hand with a numerical on it to indicate that the number has been detracted from a set and ‘is’ implies the equivalents sign (Giangrasso and Shrimpton, 2013, pp112-178). Barley’s accounts give a pictorial portrayal to the numerical articulation and claims to the eyes of the

Educational Paradigms Essay Example for Free

Instructive Paradigms Essay Ideal models are perspectives or completing things. Over the long haul and new ideas develop, the state of affairs being done or actualized start to experience huge changes. Ideal models are persistently moving and this is unavoidable. For instance, preceding the start of the data age, training must be accomplished by genuinely looking for confirmation and experiencing manual enrollment forms before one could be viewed as an understudy. The circumstance has changed today. The majority of these procedures may now be accomplished on the web, similar to the case with American Intercontinental University (AIU). Another instructive worldview has been introduced because of mechanical progressions (Riegle, n. d. ). Which worldview best portrays your present learning hierarchical condition? Why? Give a model. The perfect worldview is the one that favors the rise of standard practices, improved approachs, and a scope of assets that help to build up benchmarks and create instructional methodologies that offer understudies the chance to adapt appropriately and receive the rewards of training ideally. American Intercontinental University (AIU) gives an online instructive framework that offers expanded availability to understudies from the comfort of their homes. This is practiced using exceptional mechanical gadgets, programming programs, web association, and PCs. Since innovation has transformed the world into a worldwide town, the instructive worldview is step by step moving from the utilization of conventional study halls to a web based learning framework. This learning stage has required the requirement for an intelligent strategy for figuring out how to enhance the talk materials, test papers and the various assets that are made accessible to understudies to encourage their learning procedure. For instance, Instructional systems that include the utilization of talk rooms, conversation gatherings, messages, discussions or message sheets are utilized to accomplish learning. How does your authoritative worldview influence your evaluations and estimation of understudy learning? AIU endeavors to adjust learning systems by receiving standards of different learning hypotheses and applying them to instructional structure and students’ appraisal. The University presents materials to understudies in designs that they can without much of a stretch see, as a rule as video, sound, introductions, and other related techniques. Estimation of understudy learning is accomplished through the assessment of students’ support in bunch exercises, conversation gatherings, learning groups, visit rooms, and capacity to utilize idea maps, mental helpers or coordinators to mirror their insight into ideas. This is on the side of the Cognitivism hypothesis which expresses that it is imperative to see how the human brain functions with the goal that we can see how understudies get the hang of (Learning Theories Knowledgebase, 2008). Evaluation of learning is additionally done by giving understudies home work, assignments or gathering ventures with the goal that they can learn through their own exercises and individual encounters. This is a significant worldview at AIU since the vast majority of the learning exercises occur on the web. Understudies are urged to learn through reproduction, investigation and dynamic interest in message sheets and different ventures allocated to them. This strategy for evaluation is in concurrence with the constructivism hypothesis which expresses that information is assimilated through dynamic investment and commitment of the student. The hypothesis attests that for information to be held, it is essential to interface new ideas with natural ideas (Learning Theories Knowledgebase, 2008). On an individual level, which worldview do you feel most speaks to your own perspectives on training and appraisal? Despite the fact that innovation has its various advantages and offers understudies different chances of comfort and convenience, conventional learning techniques ought to likewise be supported in light of the fact that each style of learning has its own advantages. It’s essential to expand the benefits of each learning style with the goal that ideal outcomes might be accomplished. In consonance with the hypothesis of behaviorism, great execution ought to consistently be compensated with applause, grants or some other type of acknowledgment to empower the understudies, while the undesired conduct (awful execution) might be remunerated by keeping down such rewards (Learning Theories Knowledgebase, 2008). This guarantees singular exhibitions in learning are quickly watched and frail focuses are centered around for conceivable improvement. By adjusting the learning hypotheses and utilizing the utilization of best practices in managing talks to understudies, learning can in fact become an upgraded and energizing experience. References Learning Theories Knowledgebase. (2008). File of Learning Theories and Models. Recovered September 25, 2008 from http://www. learning-hypotheses. com Riegle, R. P. (n. d. ). Instructive Paradigms. Visionary Leadership for the Information Age. Recovered September 26 from http://individuals. coe. ilstu. edu/rpriegle/wwwdocs/worldview/welcome. htm

Political issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Policy driven issue - Essay Example The war has been the longest throughout the entire existence of American history, yet till date it has not accomplished its targets unmistakably. Right off the bat in 2014, the pullout from Afghanistan was chosen and settled upon. In the wake of such conditions, Afghanistan is a land bolted nation, and circumstance there in consistently impacts the harmony and security of locale with its tranquility or in any case reality. Amidst the withdrawal of the ISAF powers, Afghanistan presents another test. Afghanistan at present is at a test to itself, to the worldwide harmony, to the provincial security, steadiness and generally speaking elements of the universal governmental issues. Afghan government is slight and detests the asset or the framework that will empower it safeguarding itself against the adversary gatherings and the bandits. The very actuality that the occupant government’s impact is constrained to the green belt is the impression of the general writ of state appreciated by the American supported government. Afghanistan is an ethnic part nation offers issues in different extents. The test of guaranteeing and realizing the Pukhtoon and the non-Pukhtoon on table and carrying them to terms concerning the force sharing has been one of the moves that should be investigated and tended to as to the general future elements and future standpoint of Afghanistan. The most recent decade or so since the attack of United States of America has seen the detachment and all out focusing of the Pukhtoon as Taliban who were being focused on any place spotted, in view of this the nation has seen extreme ethnic separation inside themselves prompting calamitous viewpoint at present as social gap and social uniqueness. The withdrawal of the united powers will give the Taliban space and conceivable chance to get once more into power as to the offensives being embraced and directed against the Afghan government. The ongoing occasions have seen generally expanded pattern in the

Business Research Methods

Decartes reflections Essay In Descartes Meditations he discusses a wide range of things.Two things he discusses are his contentions on Dreams and what he calls the Evil Demon. Them two have to do with beguiling the psyche into having faith in things that might be false. The fantasy contention has to do with that we never really know whether we are dreaming or we are wakeful. Since it is extremely unlikely for an individual to tell in the event that they are dreaming or not, an individual practically can not tell on the off chance that anything they have ever experienced or is encountering is genuine or only a unimportant dream. We choose what is genuine what we can detect; the issue is that your cerebrum can deceive your faculties. Your fantasies can cause you to feel like you are accomplishing something, seeing something, or feeling some other sense. Presently this fits directly in with the Evil Demon contention. In the Evil Demon contention you are being deceived by an outside source. This outside source can do completely anything, it can control the entirety of your faculties and you have no force at all to stop this being. So if the being can control your faculties nothing you sense, or accept is there, really is there. In the event that both of these things is genuine have we really ever done anything? What are we genuinely doing? In the interim I have composed this whole paper have I truly composed anything? For all I know is that I imagined I composing this whole paper. Indeed my faculties reveal to me I composed this paper. I needed to consider what to type and in the interim I was composing the paper I was getting truly exhausted, at that point my feeling of hearing hears the signature tune to the TV show The Simpsons. Was this spectacular TV show quite, or was some unrivaled being simply playing with my psyche? My inclination is that it truly doesnt matter on the off chance that it was genuine or I had fun and the half hour break I trusted I had in the interim I was watching it. List of sources:

Cavour and Bismarck respectively Essay Example for Free

Cavour and Bismarck individually Essay The unification of the conditions of Italy and Germany was fundamentally determined by how every legislator, Cavour and Bismarck separately, took care of the circumstance in their own nations. By and large, the two heads actualize the way toward occupying their considerations on the best way to discharge encroaching powers out of the regional states by beginning a plot which will cause exceptionally regular philosophical viewpoint, to drive away outside powers. . Cavour had the option to touch off the war with the Austrians which lead to the complete procurement of domains for Italy. This began the unification procedure for the nation since numerous powers of the states share similar estimations (Arcaini, 2005). Then again, Bismarck of Germany additionally started a contention so as to bring together the peripheral powers inside the focal German impact. Albeit by implication, he made a little trick by drawing in a person to acknowledge an illustrious situation in Spain so as to begin the Franco-Prussian war. The mixes of powers lead to the unification of various German states. Between the two, Germany could be a potential powerful European pioneer. This can be credited because of its concentrated degree of impact inside its limits both geologically and strategically. In contrast to the Italian state, it is additionally arranged in a way where simpler vital area is a major factor, a favorable position to transfer data to other European nations. Another factor which gives a more noteworthy bit of leeway of Germany over Italy is that they indicated a mightier power as far as catching different governments. At the point when the war among France and the Northern conditions of Germany was finished, Paris was caught viewed as the French focal point of government. References Arcaini. 2005. The Italian Unification. Arcaini. Recovered November 17, 2007 from http://www. arcaini. com/ITALY/ItalyHistory/ItalianUnification. htm.

Uh-oh

Uh-oh Yikes. It seems like I may have gotten Wenhao into a bit more trouble than he deserves, so lets try to reorganize here before anything gets really out of hand. So, heres what happened: some anonymous person made some profoundly absurd comment about being appalled that MIT would admit anything with 2 X-chromosomes. Wenhao posted a different comment, saying According to Mr. Nance, everyone who is accepted is qualified, and Im sure that thats true. However, the disparity between those numbers is a little odd [27% acceptance rate females, 12% males], and I find it hard to believe that girls are that much more qualified than guys. This is not an accusation or an excuse for myself, but merely a curious inquiry. Now I speak for myself here, but I think he raised a perfectly valid question. I fully understand the arguement that the female applicant pool is more self-selected, and I completely agree. (One interesting thing to note might be the trend in female applicants over the years. Anyone know where to find info on that?) At the same time, no matter how feminist you are, Im sure that you can see that it can seem a little convenient that the amou nt of self-selectivity in the female applicant pool directly corresponds to a nearly 1:1 ratio in the admitted pool. Ill admit that Ive even been slightly skeptical of that in the past. Anyway, the point Im getting to here is that this argument is clearly a far cry from saying that every female thing shouldnt be admitted. It doesnt seem to me that Wenhao was responsible for that particular abomination. I suppose he could be and we wont ever know since the comment was anonymous. But unless he wants to own up to it, Im going to give him the benefit of the doubt and say that it was some other anonymous troll who was responsible for that comment. That said, I guess I might as well throw my own thoughts into the mix. You know, for the record and all. Please keep in mind that Im only speaking of females in math/science/engineering. I suppose some of my comments could apply to minorities as well, but Im not a minority and I dont intend to speak for them. I dont think gender should be considered at all. Whether or not MIT (or anyone, for that matter) stretches the requirements for girls, the fact is that people perceive that they do, and this causes all kinds of trouble. I think this whole business of making women in engineering into a big issue just makes a huge mess. It causes unnecessary tension and questions. I know guys who have waved away every accomplishment I ever made by chalking it up to affirmative action. I know girls who start to doubt their own abilities because they start wondering if theyre only here to be some Course Sixers girlfriend. I know youre thinking, thats absurd, no one but that crazy anonymous guy would ever say something like that, stop exaggerating, but Im telling you that its true. Weve woven a deep psychological mess for ourselves, and some people can take it pretty hard. Which leads me into my next point. Wenhao said, And perhaps it is just my environment, but I dont see very much active discrimination against women becoming scientists or engineers, I think its a choice, and that we all have equal opportunites. Well, I agree and I disagree. In my experience, Ive never encountered direct discrimination. No ones ever said, You cant do that because youre a girl. I mean, that kind of attitude is pretty thoroughly frowned upon, right? But that doesnt mean everything is hunky-dory. Theres a lot of subtle nonsense that goes on just under the surface. Like some of the stuff I mentioned above. Even things like being intimidated. I will tell you right now that sometimes I am afraid to ask questions just because Im a girl. Theres definitely a stigma about it- a guy can ask a question and hes just asking a question. A girl asks a question and its just because shes some ditz who only got into MIT so they could report an even gender ratio. Im not saying that everyone says or thinks that, but given the way we were brought up, its always kind of an undertone. On the flip side, some people can be really patronizing. Theres just a whole mess of hidden stuff that goes on. I think if we all just forgot about it and got on with our lives, wed all be much happier. Think about it. Theres a huge difference between telling a kindergartner, You can be anything you want to be when you grow up, and You can be anything you want to be when you grow up, even if you are a girl. Whew. OK so here are my closing comments: everyone be nicer to Wenhao until someone comes forward and claims responsibility for hating on all of the brilliant, ambitious, determined, successful MIT females. (Oh, and attractive. Another topic for another day.) In fact, even thentake it easy. I mean, clearly the statement made iswell I dont even have the words for it. So you can argue and debate the guy until youre blue in the face, but is it really worth it? I mean, hes clearly out of his mind. *shrug* Enough of this, I have serious amounts of work to do. But before I sign off, one last thing: keep it civil! If anyone posts anymore inflammatory, sensationalist garbagewell I may be asked to remove it, but until then Ill probably just laugh at you. Just keep that all in mind, k?

The Loss of an Idyllic World in MCMXIV - Literature Essay Samples

Larkins idealised image of nostalgia of 1914 is reiterated through the use of the roman numerals, MCMXIV to represent the Roman Empire. The title gives the overriding impression that although Larkin was not born until 1922 – subsequent to the war – he still appears to lament this idyllic time he was not even present in. Despite this historical disjunction, Larkin tries to draw attention to the everyday life that preceded the worst of World War I, and does so in a manner that reveals a peaceful world that is quickly falling into the past. The opening line of the first stanza elucidates that a myriad of eager men volunteered for the war through the adjective long. The use of personification in this first stanza specifically evokes emotion to be experienced by the reader. I think that this technique is used to engross readers and present Larkins admiration toward what life was like during World War I. The use of the simile as if they were stretched outside the Oval or Villa Park Is operative in that these volunteers correlate with crowds of fans waiting for a major sporting event and thus, oblivious to the serious nature and impending calamity of the war itself. The crowns of hats represent these men as figures worthy of respect and the royal language is utilised to elevate their manner. The volunteering men had moustached archaic faces which was, given the time, prevalent in War-stricken Britain. Grinning implies a sense of the mens credulity and therefore augments their scepticism of what will happen. The fact the end of the stanza presents an August Bank Holiday this would have been, coincidentally, weeks before the start of the War – July 1914. The impression that this was merely a great escapade, which would not last long or even be particularly detrimental, was one that was current among large numbers of people in 1914. It was truly an age of innocence, which is an integral theme of Larkins poem. The second stanza directly flows on from the first with the shut shops, the bleached established names Suggests these shops have been present for many years – maintained and passed on from father to son – until the imminent change from the War. Likewise, the shut shops suggest the women and children of that particular area have been evacuated and the town is therefore desolate. Larkin evinces that there was profound change at this time which ultimately altered peoples lives for a long time. The representation of the obsolete currency farthings and sovereigns shows how distant this age seems from our own, almost as remote as Ancient Greece or Rome. Furthermore, the Personas use of the ominous description dark-clothed children shows how modest and conservative these times were, along with black acting as the catalyst, foreshadowing the deaths to come. And, the fact these children are at play suggest anything such as this are imperative in temporarily reassuring the kids i nto thinking all is well – they are at ease and content. For cocoa and twist are articles associated with home and comfort that are the every-day essentials for a British person. This and Pubs wide open all day enthral readers into thinking this is what Larkin reveres and truly laments. Furthermore, the third stanza of this poem sees Larkin discard from the pivotal setting of a town, allowing the audience to empathise with a wider picture of how England, presently, was standardised. The countryside is not caring about the forthcoming conflict, but evidently it could not escape the consequences. Just as the war would put an end to gold sovereigns and all-day pub opening, so would it have a significant impact on the countryside, because food production had to be inflamed. And yet, despite imminent war change, people of the countryside are carefree and abstracted. The diversity of this stanza is that it is set pastorally – antithetical to Larkins description of industrialised locations. With flowering grasses and fields could reflect the wretched events of Flanders and Ypres. Larkins use of Domesday lines shows he is nostalgic for the social hierarchy of master and servant – again, augmenting the idea of a standardised and aristocratic Britain. Limousines is archaic language for a car – it adds to the grandeur of these people – and justifies how it is different to the mass-produced cars of the contemporary world. The final stanza of the poem is deeply embedded with the adverb never. It is repeated several times in order to reaffirm the unprecedented outcome, that this war changed the world and that no matter what happened in the future, men would never again view war with such innocence. We are referred back to the men of the opening stanza who, in their innocence of what was to happen, left their neat, ordered lives and went off to fight. The innocent way of life embodied by the pre-war world, and outlined earlier in ‘MCMXIV’, has gone for eternity. The stanza shows the irrevocability of the war – an inability to regain what was once an image of perfection. Larkin utilises alliteration through Lasting a little while longer this mimics the sound of a fading age. The letter sound drags but ultimately fades. People were not prepared for WWI and the poem conveys the difficulty that the families of the soldiers might face in accepting the loss of normality they had previously relished. The poem includes sentencing which allows it to move from detail to detail like a photograph. It ends on a full stop, marking the definitive end to this idyllic way of life.

Theodore Roosevelt And The Cuban War - 1086 Words

The most important person in American history is Theodore Roosevelt. During his life, he made a great impact on America. Roosevelt was the 26th president and fought in the Spanish-American War, also known as the Cuban War. He was the most influential person who supported the completion of construction of the Panama Canal. One of the first and most important National Parks, Theodore Roosevelt National Park in western North Dakota, was named after him too. During his presidency, he inspired many. If it was not for Theodore Roosevelt, our society would not be as advanced as it is today. Theodore was born on October 27, 1858. He was six when President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated, and he watched the funeral procession from his grandfather s house in New York City. As a child, he was sickly and weak, and suffered from dangerous asthma. Part of the 4th generation of Roosevelts in this country, his boyhood nickname was Teedie.. Teedie spent most of his free time collecting dead animals or animal skeletons trying to form a small museum he set up in a nursery with his cousins. This was around the time when he was starting to become interested in science. Zoology was his favorite science subject. He left for Europe for a few years. Bored from the traveling, Theodore decided to play with his siblings. Unfortunately he played roughly and had a few minor accidents. After awhile, he noticed it was harder for him to see. By the age of 13 he and his family had found out that he hadShow MoreRelatedTheodore Roosevelt s Influence On Latin America1290 Words   |  6 Pages Theodore Roosevelt was a President known for a very dynamic and progressive administration, and his foreign policy in Latin America was no exception. His policies in Latin America were beneficial for the rapidly growing United States, but left an impact on Latin America that was both positive and negative. President Roosevelt took past policies of the United States, such as the unenforced Monroe Doctrine of 1823, and amended them to have the backing of the Navy in the early 1900s. One particularRead MoreTheodore Roosevelt And His Influence On Our Lives1388 Words   |  6 Pagesdropout who would preside as presid ent of the United States and win a nobel peace prize? Theodore Roosevelt was an accomplished man that had tremendous influence on our lives today through his presidency as well as his political contributions. Over the next few pages we will take a closer look at the Theodore or â€Å"Teddy† Roosevelt’s accomplishments in life, his presidency and delve into his political policies. Theodore Roosevelt’s childhood was adventurous despite him suffering from asthma. His fatherRead MoreThe Spanish American War And The Civil War2050 Words   |  9 Pages1.The Spanish-American War was fought in 1898. It was a very short war and had very little deaths compared to the previous wars and battles. The Spanish-American War only lasted one hundred and thirteen days. Even though the Spanish American war was a short war, it had many of very useful world-changing outcomes. The conflict began when the Cubans wanted independence from Spain. Spain would not give Cubans their independence. The Cubans go tired of begging so eventually, the United States got involvedRead MoreThe Battle Of The Uss Maine1458 Words   |  6 PagesOn April 19th, 1898, the United States declared war on Spain. Over the next three months the United States, along with Cuban Rebels waged war against the Spanish forces in hopes of returning the Cuban lands back to its people. President McKinley who was pressured into war by yellow press, sent American forces into battle which ultimately led to the birth of a western hemispheric super power, the United States. The sinking of the USS Maine, the use of yellow press journalism, and the national uproarRead MoreAPUSH Essays1633 Words   |  7 Pagesresponses to TWO of the following to Secretary of State John Hay’s view that the Spanish American War was â€Å"a splendid little war†; William Jennings Bryan, Theodore Roosevelt, Alfred Thayer Mahan, Emilio Aguinaldo When Secretary of State John Hay stated that the Spanish American War was a â€Å"splendid little war†, he received mixed responses from people such as William Jennings Bryan, Theodore Roosevelt, Alfred Thayer Mahan, and Emilio Aguinaldo. Some people of the Philippines, especially the nationalistRead MoreThe Spanish American War During The 19th Century1391 Words   |  6 Pages At the end of the 19th century the Spanish-American War was fought between the United States, and Spain. The war started a new beginning for three nations, the United States, Cuba and Spain. At the end of the war an empire would fall and new one would be created and Cuba would become an independent nation. Though battles were fought all over the world the war itself was mostly about Cuban Independence. During the latter half of 19th century Cuba was under the control of SpainRead MoreThe Spanish American War of 1898 Essay1316 Words   |  6 PagesThe Spanish American War of 1898 One hundred years ago, in 1898, the United States was fighting the Spanish-American War. The victory over Spain made the United States a colonial power. The Spanish colonies of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, as well as the formerly independent nation of Hawaii, became American possessions. The excuse for entering the war was the rebellion by the Cubans against Spanish rule and the explosion of an American battleship U.S.S. Maine. The SpanishRead MoreThe Spanish American War s Impact On America892 Words   |  4 Pagesaddressing the Spanish-American War, and the changes that it ushered in for America, it’s important to look at more than just the war itself. The people involved in the war, weather individuals or groups of people, were the real force of change. From people who fought in the war itself, mindsets that emerged from the victory, or the economic advantages gained; all point to one important thing. America became a larger world power in the aftermath of the Spanish-American War. Before discussing the longRead MoreSpanish American War : The Spanish War720 Words   |  3 PagesSpanish-American War The Spanish-American War was in 1898. It was an issue between the United States and Spain. The war began in the Cuban struggle for independence from Spain, which began in February 1895. Spain’s harsh measures to stop the rebellion were represented for the U.S. public by many newspapers, and American sympathy for the rebels rose. Spain announced an armistice on April 9 and speeded up its new program. Spain declared war on the United States on April 24, followed by a U.S. declarationRead MoreThe American Of The Spanish American War Essay1301 Words   |  6 PagesIn 1898 the Spanish American War or nicknamed â€Å"The Splendid Little War,† began and was short lived lasting roughly four months forever changing our country for the better and the worse. Although the war might have seemed focused on freeing Cuba from Spain and gaining independence for Cuba and the Philippines, it was actually stimulated by nationalism and commercialism. Commercialism was a major factor when declaring war because the United States depended on Cuba and the Philippines for trade and

Henry David Thoreau s Narrative Of The Life Of Fredrick...

Abolitionist Fredrick Douglass was born in â€Å"the backcountry of Maryland’s Eastern Shore† in 1818 (Gates et al. 327). By having a slave mother, Douglass was automatically considered a slave (Gates et al. 327). Therefore, he faced many masters and mistresses; however, he eventually gained his freedom by escaping. Although Douglass’s Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass, an American Slave is not the first of its genre, it is the best-selling eighteenth-century fugitive slave narrative, surpassing classic white autobiographies as Henry David Thoreau’s Walden (Gates et al. 327). Nevertheless, the narrative is memorable because of â€Å"Douglass’s style of self-presentation, through which he dramatized the evolution of his sense of self via conflict with the mental as well as the physical bonds of slavery† (Gates et al. 328). The narrative demonstrates that Douglass and other slaves’ birth information are not available to them . In addition, when he was about seven years old, his mother dies. Believing that his father is a white man, Douglass explains that many slaveholders rape their female slaves because according to the law, if a child has a colored mother, he/she would be a slave. Therefore, the master benefits from raping due to the number of slaves increasing. From an early age, Douglass observes the fear of slaves towards their masters/mistresses of telling the truth about how they are treated. If the slaves tell the truth, they are punished by their mastersShow MoreRelatedYour Freedom Is Not Free Essay1645 Words   |  7 Pagesformation of individual and cultural identity in American literary history. Certain nineteenth century American writers stand out for their real-life dedication to freedom and non-conformity for seeking to free themselves from whatever shackles limited them from reaching their potentials, both literally and figuratively. Henry David Thoreau, Fredrick Douglass, and Ral ph Waldo Emerson are exemplary writers of the nineteenth century who strove to articulate not only the ideas of freedom and justice,

Witches And The Puritan Society - 921 Words

In the 17th century church was the foundation of the people of New England. The main religion of the time was Puritanism which carried over when most of the colonist moved to Massachusetts. The main reason that the colonist moved was to find religious tolerance away from the strict Puritan lifestyle. Puritans believed that the smallest sin could result in a huge misfortune. They were also frowned upon for expressing their feelings and opinions, and were expected to have no individual differences. They believed in the devil just as much as they believed in God. The Puritan people constantly struggled between good and evil, which often led to giving into the temptation of Satan. Those who gave into the temptations and followed Satan were considered witches. Witchcraft to the Puritan people was one of the worst crimes committed and those who committed it were sentenced to death. Most of those who were believed to be witches were females. To the Puritans, witches were usually female beca use they were believed to have made a promise to Satan. The Puritans used witchcraft as a way to prove that Satan and his powers were real. The witch craze took over the small Puritan area of Salem Village, Massachusetts in 1692. It was late February of 1692 when the Reverend Parris had a doctor take a look at her daughter, Betty and his niece, Abigail after long term strange fits. The fits included seizures, horrifying screams, erratic behaviors and the appearance of bruises and bites onShow MoreRelatedThe Salem Witch Trial1152 Words   |  5 Pagesbecause of one factor such as Ergotism, but several more. The affliction started by mind suggestion. The early beliefs and superstitions in Puritanical society that were practiced on an everyday basis supported the idea that the behaviors and physical conditions of the afflicted girls were the evil works of the witches, and the Devil. Among many Puritans, this belief becomes a fear, and then this fear becomes like an additional topping that adds up to causing convulsive hysteria and also hallucinationsRead MoreAmerican Horror Story: Witch Hunt702 Words   |  3 PagesThe fear of and execution of witches isnt only an American horror story, this particular hunt was in place in England before. In 1542 parliament made witchcraft a capital crime, and between the years of 1645-1647 several hundred were hanged(Karlsen 2). Although in theory, men and children could be witches but still ninety percent of the witches hanged in England were women. The country feared the witches because of the belief that they caused harm on neighbors and properties, also called maleficium(KarlsenRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trial Hysteria1196 Words   |  5 Pagesconsisted of Puritans, both Separatists and non Separatists alike. From the start, the Puritans believed that the Bible was true in all aspects: every word, every idea, every thought--was true. The Puritans also had minimal understanding of science, which led them to believe that phe nomenon was an act of the Devil. Thus, when three young girls admitted to seeing demons and started behaving strangely, the Puritans grew progressively hysterical because they became more convinced that witches existed withinRead MoreThe Crucible Reflection1083 Words   |  5 PagesThe Crucible takes place in Old New England during the time when Puritans were the dominant culture. The movie is based around incidents that sparked the Salem witch trials. In 1692 a woman by the name of Abigail Williams, the niece of the esteemed Reverend Parris, and a group of her friends where playing in the forest with an African American Slave named Tituba in Salem, Massachutes. They were caught with the slave and questioned. Unfortunately, when they were caught one of the girls, Betty, fainted;Read MoreAn Analysis of Theme in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essays860 Words   |  4 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne, in his short story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† details the frailty of human moralit y when he has the story’s protagonist (Goodman Brown) journey through the forest on All Hollows Eve to witness/participate in a witches’ Sabbath just to see what evil/sin is all about. During Young Goodman Brown’s journey, his faith is shaken as he witnesses those he respects the most also journeying to and participating in the witch’s Sabbath. In â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† Nathaniel Hawthorne demonstratesRead More Salem Lifestyle Triggers Death Essay1660 Words   |  7 Pagesthe unstable condition of the village, and the colonists’ way of life. The colonists of Salem village were Puritans, and the preachings of this religion played a major role in the cause of the trials. The religion in the colony was based upon Puritan theology. Puritan theology was influenced by John Calvin, who believed that the â€Å"elect† would prosper (Burner 43). All of the Puritans believed that God set up the social classes in each community. If someone was meant to prosper during their lifeRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials : Witchcraft And Magic Were Two Ideas1180 Words   |  5 Pagespeople accused of being witches in Salem, Massachusetts did not practice witchcraft. The Puritans were falsely accused of sorcery which can be proven through many theories and the false credibility of legal evidence. The lifestyle of the Puritans may have influenced the witch craze. According to the Discovery School Web Site, the Puritans had restricted lives; they were expected to repress inner emotions and opinions and if they weren’t they’d be punished. The small Puritan colony of MassachusettsRead MoreSalem Witch Trials1478 Words   |  6 Pagespracticing witchcraft. These trials were caused by different social climates of the area including the very strong lack of a governor, the split between Salem Village and Salem Town, and the strict puritan lifestyle during the time period. Tituba, the black slave, was a foreigner from Barbados. Her role in society was to take care of Mr. Parris’s family. Tituba’s situation contributed to her role in the witch trials because Mr. Parris promised her freedom if she confessed guilty. Tituba also realized thatRead MoreA Delusion Of Satan By Frances Hill Essay1532 Words   |  7 Pagestrials. In the novel, Hill started out exp laining the Puritans’ beliefs and customs, the gender roles of men and women in Salem and why women were easily accused of being witches and practicing witchcraft in the 17th century. During that time, women were easily accused of practicing witchcraft because they were viewed as physically, politically and spiritually weaker than men. Men were perceived as the power, status, and worthy in the society, and they dominated women’s behavior and social statusRead MoreSalem Witch Trials Paranoia Essay1629 Words   |  7 PagesTrials shook the Puritan foundation of America. There was fear linked to the Devil and how it is omnipresence. The Puritan belief in the Devil psychologically had a profound effect on New England anxiety. Most of the people in Massachusetts were Puritan colonists who fled England, seeking religious tolerance, but the Puritan beliefs and rules were far from tolerant. The Puritans believed that witchcraft wasn’t only reasonable, but it was also s cientifically rational. To the Puritans, the Devil was

Transportation Security AdministrationPrior to and Post 9/11

According to the Bureau of Transportation Statistics a total of 631,939,829 passengers boarded domestic flights in the United States in the year 2010. This averages to 1.73 million passengers flying per day (Cessoni.) All of these people must go through security checkpoints provided by the Transportation Security Administration (TSA.) TSA’s history, cost, and specific purpose are ideas I will discuss further. Prior to 9/11, commercial airport security was minimal. The most an individual had to do was remove the coin change in their pockets or maybe even taking off belts that had particularly large buckles and walking through a metal detector. Not today. Now there are full body scanners at some airports. Twelve years ago, non-ticketed visitors could escort their loved ones departing to airline gates. No today. Security prior 9/11 was what I would say is lackadaisical. There was a point in time where pilots would fly with the cockpit doors open, and they would even invite younge r children to the cockpit to take a glimpse at the controls. Not today. Currently, the cock pit door stays closed, usually with a flight attendant standing guard in front of it. Prior to 9/11, you only had to show ID when you were checking in and only two questions were asked: Did you pack your own bags? Have your bags been seen outside your control? No today. Now all luggage, carry ons included, are searched by TSA agents. Today, on every flight, there are at least one to two officers disguised forShow MoreRelatedThe Security Administration ( Tsa )1133 Words   |  5 Pagesattacks of 9/11, congress passed sweeping changes to the security of aviation and border protection in the United States. Three agencies were significantly impacted by these changes and the aftermath of 9/11: Transportation Security Administration (TSA), U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), and Federal Air Marshal (FAM). However, 14 years later is important to review the changes which were implemented by s weeping popularity following 9/11 and evaluate their effectiveness. The Transportation SecurityRead MoreU.s. Security Since 9111368 Words   |  6 PagesU.S. Security Since 911 By Travis Bublitz LA 11 Quarter 3 online May 2015 Then They Were Gone. The twin towers turn into a pile of ash and rubble after two planes disintegrate in the center of both towers. People were running every were to get to out of the ash and smoke fire fighters running in while everyone is running out many not making it back out. From this day on nothing has been the same the people were devastated that it happened and cried out for better security in ourRead MoreSeptember 11th And The World Of Aviation1415 Words   |  6 PagesMacy Oller Mr. Litz American Lit 09 December 2016 September 11th and the World of Aviation September 11, 2001 was a Tuesday and changed air transportation as we know it. This devastating day in history was when a total of four American Airlines airplanes were hijacked. Most collided with important United States buildings. The first two planes intentionally collided with each of the Twin Towers in New York. Shortly after, the third plane hit the Pentagon in Virginia. Amazingly, the passengers onRead MoreEssay on Profiling and Airport Security1628 Words   |  7 PagesThe world is living in a post 9/11 era. Since that September day, security measures have heightened and extra precautions are in place to prevent something of that nature from happening again. The terrorists involved in 9/11 appeared to be shockingly similar to a typical American Citizen. However, their behaviors from that week prior were alarming. Examining the terrorists who have become more prevalent in the last twenty years, there are several things in common with all of them. Their profilesRead Mor eHomeland Security1093 Words   |  5 PagesMillions of innocent lives were lost on 9-11-01. A problem not widely discussed in the United States much until September 11, 2001 the date of the attack from terrorist organizations on the world trade centers’ New York towers in New York City. The United States of America has not worried much about self-defense or in this case homeland security. Due to the actions on September 11th homeland security has been the main goal of many politicians and voters. Homeland security builds coalitions and partnershipsRead MoreThe Impact of September 11, 2001 Essay1221 Words   |  5 PagesOn September 11, 2001 a series catastrophic events occurred in New York City, New York. Al-Qaeda planned strategically conducted events, known as suicide attacks. Nineteen al-Qaeda members hijacked four commercial airplanes, including United Airlines Flight 93, American Airlines Flight 11, American Airlines Flight 77 and United Airlines 175. Two of the plane s purposely crashed into the World Trade Center buildings. In addition, another plane crashed into the Pentagon in Arlington, VA. and the fourthRead MoreDevelopments For Securing The Nations Ports1574 Words   |  7 PagesSeptember 11, 2001: According to American Association of Ports Authorities (n. d) the United States is served by some 360 commercial ports that provide approximately 3,200 cargo and passenger handling facilities and there are more than 150 deep draft seaports under the jurisdiction of 126 public seaport agencies located along the Atlantic, Pacific, Gulf and Great Lakes coasts, as well as in Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Transportation Security Administration (2010)Read MoreThe Change in Airport Security from 9/11 Essay1579 Words   |  7 PagesThe terrorist attacks on September 11, 2011 prompted the world to reevaluate and drastically modify airport and airline security. â€Å"Four targets had been chosen, all iconic American buildings that would send a clear message of the depth of their hatred for the United States. All four planes crashed, killing all on board—terrorists, crew members, and passengers, along with hundreds who were killed inside the structure s, on the ground, and the men and women who ran into collapsing buildings in an effortRead MoreThe Change in Airport Security from 9/111500 Words   |  6 PagesThe Change in Airport Security from 9/11 The terrorist attacks on September 11, 2011 prompted the world to reevaluate and drastically modify airport and airline security. â€Å"Four targets had been chosen, all iconic American buildings that would send a clear message of the depth of their hatred for the United States. All four planes crashed, killing all on board—terrorists, crew members, and passengers, along with hundreds who were killed inside the structures, on the ground, and the men and womenRead MoreTerrorism : A Global Issue Essay1749 Words   |  7 Pageslives to acts of terrorism, is typically not one to cross our minds. On September 11, 2001, this mere thought became the reality for many families. The eleventh of September will forever be remembered as the date a terrorist organization, known as al-Qaeda, attacked the United States killing thousands of innocent people. The al-Qaeda organization have exposed vulnerabilities in the United States’ homeland security. Many have questioned how could this happen to a country known to be the most powerful

Viloin Technical/Descriptive Essay Free Essays

The crowd waited in silence as minutes had passed. Then suddenly the velvet red curtains began to part. Rushing to opposite sides of the stage revealing a girl. We will write a custom essay sample on Viloin Technical/Descriptive Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The spotlight shining bright directly on her, you could see the fear in her glossy hazel eyes as she took a quick glimpse into the crowd. She slowly closed her eyes and gently laid her head on her shoulder rest of her beautiful classical 4/4 violin. We watched as she placed her fingers correctly and there it was, the first note. A beautiful A flat. So petite and perfect you knew her performance was going to be astonishing. A violin is a beautiful instrument to look at. That beauty, which comes from the instrument’s curved and often shiny body, is what helps make the sound you hear. The body of a violin is hollow. The strings are above the body, suspended by a bridge. The bridge is a small, maple piece of wood. This bridge is secured on the instrument because of the tension of the strings. When the violin is played, the vibration of the strings is transferred from the bridge to the body. The vibration is amplified in the body of the violin, and this is the sound you hear. The sound of a well played violin is the sound of emotions, from the length of sadness to the shortness of expectations. Sometimes, it’s low pitch, whispering like the wind and warm like a blanket and then it gets higher and higher until the pitch is so high, it’s borderline painful, but just before you reach the pain†¦ it stops and get silenced†¦ and then whispers again. The violin is the highest pitch instrument in the orchestra like the higher part of a piano. Sometimes the violin can sound scratchy when you mess up but other times it sounds like harmony and peace when you succeed. Sounds like the high pitch of the bird singing outside your window that wakes you up in the morning. Majestic like water, drops of water creating ripples of sound. Waves that flow into your ears and give you those goosebumps that make the little hairs on your arms stand up. The beautiful sound that makes your ears ask for more and more of its gorgeousness . That when they stop playing you feel that little crack in your heart from the loss of the astonishing sound you crave for more of. She pulled back on her bow creating her last note. Her last note was a decrescendo on the note E. She drew back her bow slowly not quite letting the beautiful sound end just yet, It slowly faded away into the distance, my ears lingered to hear the note that was disappearing into the darkness. My eyes were closed , secretly begging to hear more but all i heard was silence. I opened my eyes and saw she had picked up her bow. The audience was so astonished they sat in silence. That pause felt like eternity but then i stood to my feet and began to applaud her, as everybody else in the crowd followed me and a tear fell off my cheek, Knowing that was my student on that stage. How to cite Viloin Technical/Descriptive Essay, Essays

Drug And Club Essay Example For Students

Drug And Club Essay Drugs and nightclubsDrugs are illegal in most countries and the extermination of drugs has always been one of our most important worldwide issues. Ending the existence of drugs is one of the toughest and most complicated goal we face. With all the effort we put into the issue, why is there little success? Lack of effort is not a major reason the attempts are failing. It is the lack of understanding that leads to the misdirection and failure of the attempts. As long as a strong desire to use drugs exists, drugs wonft exterminate. Why people take drugs? Drugs symbolize power, states, freedom, and the ultimate ghighh in our world. Drugs can help people achieve higher states, more power and their success. We are not easily deterred from using drugs because we refuse to give up our dreams and goals, and often are willing to do whatever it takes along the path to success. The desire for the drugs is worth the risk of being caught. In reality, the risk of getting caught is extremely few. Th erefore, many people are willing to risk getting caught because the benefits of drugs outweigh the risks. @Drugs are always been closely linked to the entertainment industry. Nightclubs have become the ideal place to administer drugs. In this essay I would discuss gClub drugsh which are used popular in nightclubs. GHB (gemma hydroxybutyrate) is surfacing on the street, in private nightclub and on the body builder scene. A central nerveous system depressant, GHB has been leagally used as and anesthetic, and for treatment of majour. The main date rape drug is Rohypnol, it is also known as gRoofiesh. It is similar to Valium, but then times more powerful. Rohypnnol is illegal in the United States, but it is used in other countries prescribed for sleeping disorders. It is usually found in a small odorless, tasteless white pill that can be crushed up and easily dropped into a drink. it dissolves fast making hard to detect. It can also be found in a liquid form, which are rare, but can make it harder to detect. Effects of Rohypnol usually occur within twenty to thirty minutes. The effects include drowsiness, dizziness, and being disoriented. It also affects motor skills such as walking, talking and balance. It makes one feel like very drunk. This is why it is becoming known as a club drug. Rohypnol is used mostly as an enhancer drug, which means hat it is taken to enhance the effects of another drug. Onefs health risks increase with he consumption of alcohol, which can lead to death or coma. Rohypnol has been found t o be philsically addictive and it does have bead withdrawals. The main side effect of the drug is a memory loss of four to ten hours, during which time a person can be rendered helpless. Another date rape rug is GHB (gamma hydroxybutyrate), known as gliquid ecstasyh, gliquid Gh or grievous bodily harm. GHB is also used as an enhancer drug, because it has no hangover and usually can not be detected four to five hours after dispension. Also it has no documented long-term effects, or physiological addiction. It is usually found as a clear liquid. GHB used to be legal, it was used by body builders to help build muscle, but was banned in 1990 for public safety concern, because it could become harmful when mixed with other drugs. Effects of the drug are usually felt in fifteen to twenty minutes. The effects are different for each person. GHB caused short-term amnesia. Common effects are nausea, dizziness, confusion and drowsiness. Health risks also increase with the consumption of alcohol or other drugs.

Cost management free essay sample

What factors led to the adoption of the COQ system? Why do you think the company chose to adopt a financial measure of quality? 1) Reasons of adoption of COQ system Competition : In the late 70’s, international competition led to focus on quality improvement. Their customer HP publicized a study that product of HP’s best American suppliers to be inferior to HP’s worst Japanese suppliers. Quality control ii essential for TI’s long-term competitive success. Customer satisfaction : Improving quality is considered by many to be the best way to enhance customer satisfaction. Cost saving and improve productivity : Improving quality is the best way to reduce manufacturing costs and to increase productivity. Bird-eye view : TI want to do their job right the first time. Their organizations treat strategic planning and quality improvement planning as an integrated activity. They want to find hidden quality costs and reduce hidden costs using COQ. 2. Evaluate the COQ variables adopted by the Materials Controls Division. Should they be changed? Why? Evaluation of COQ variables Prevention cost Appraisal Cost Internal Failure Cost External Failure Cost -Quality Engineering -Receiving inspection -Equipment Repair/Maintenance -Mfg. Engineering -Design Engineering -Quality Training -TSL Laboratory -Design Analysis -Product Acceptance -Mfg. Inspection -Quality Scrap -Rework -Mfg/Process Engineering -Net RMR Cost -Marketing -Mfg/Process Engineering -Repair -Travel -Liability Claims Appeared in the above table are variables that are COQ variables which Texas Instruments currently adopted and practicing variables at their sites. All of these COQ variables can be easily recognized as useful and needed components for COQ purpose. However, these variables cover only operational COQ variables. It also means that it cares only about quality related costs that emphasizes much on short term cost reducing and profit increasing matters. In addition, these way of controlling quality is easily appeared at American companies. Then, this cannot measure COQ sharply. Japanese companies’ way of looking at the quality is different from Americans’. Japanese companies’ approach to COQ is more like directing action instead of as a goal. Japanese also allocate responsibility of quality to all level of employees. This align with the concept of â€Å"Top-to-Sharp†. In addition to operational COQ variables, operational variables cannot explain all COQ, such Japanese-like strategic approach can help measuring COQ more precise. 2) Suggested Strategic COQ variables. KPI : COQ related KPI must be developed to push people toward participating in quality improvement issues.. Company-wide continuous process improvement : it should not limited to production department, should apply to all level of management for company-wide 3. What value are the four quality cost categories (prevention, appraisal, internal and external failure)? How can this information be used? There are four categories in the cost of quality as bellows. Prevention costs : Costs incurred to prevent non-conforming units from being produced. Appraisal costs : Costs incurred to ensure that materials and products that failed to meet quality standards were identified prior to shipment. Internal failure costs : Scrap costs and costs incurred in correcting errors caught at appraisal, Before delivery of the product to the customer External failure costs : Costs incurred in correcting errors after delivery of the product to the customer. Prevention costs and Appraisal costs are called â€Å"Control costs† that is incurred to prevent defective products. And â€Å"Failure costs† are costs that is incurred to correcting errors by defective products. These two categories of COQ (Control costs and Failure costs) have some correlation as below diagram. [Exhibit 1] Correlation of Quality and COQ The more defective products the larger failure costs but in that time control costs (prevention and appraisal cost) are small. The less defective products the smaller failure costs but control costs increase very highly. We cannot and do not supposed to effort to make a product`s quality â€Å"100% Perfect† because we do more effort to do that our COQ will be increased to unaffordable level. We have to find the optimal level of quality in consideration of the quality needs of customers and the costs level. Actually according to our individual experiences, if we mention cost of quality we mean â€Å"Failure cost† in most of real business. Most of control costs (prevention and appraisal cost) are not easy to account by financial measure and the amounts of it is not so large. And if we try to account the amount of control costs, the measuring costs could be larger than that. This is the reason why most company do not take into account the Control costs seriously and do not try to measure that. But we can see by 1 : 10 : 100 rules (that is.. if we invest $1 to prevention activity we can save $10 of appraisal cost and save by $100 of failure costs), by the small effort to prevent unconformity we can save huge amount of failure costs and prevent disasters. (refer to Exhibit 2) [Exhibit 2] Failure cost and process time More important point of view about â€Å"Control cost† is that the prevention activities are related with company-wide level not restricted to production related departments. If we do not account the Control cost, most of (production) indirect departments do not care about the seriousness of quality loss cost and do know the significance of their quality related activities. So, we have to adopt these COQ and using those information (and by using KPI systems related with these COQ results) let employees know the importance of quality management by each individual and involve employees to company-wide quality management. The last and most important point of view about COQ lays in the â€Å"Intangible Loss†. (refer to Exhibit 3) As we previously explained, we can account the COQ and by using that we can lead employees to quality-oriented activities and improve the level of quality. But there are many variables that is hard to accountable or unaccountable (let us call this â€Å"Intangible Loss†) These intangible loss (like loss of reputation or brand image, chilling effect of employees) is so formidable that company can go bankrupt at overnight. So, many of Japanese companies to inculcate the mindset of significance of intangible loss by quality mgt. Manual inspection cost during work in process Failure Cost (Non-Conformity Cost) Internal F-Cost  · Quality scrap  · Rework  · Reinspection / Retest  · Keeping excess inventory  · Unreported defective products External F-Cost  · Processing Customer Complaints  · Field repairs  · Recall cost / Warranty Cost  · Processing returned Goods  · Penalties  · Loss of reputation / brand image  · Chilling effect of employees  · Cancellation or cease of orders [Exhibit 3] Classifications of COQ and examples of variables * Yellow shaded parts are most fatal quality cost and could be a huge amounts. 4. What changes to the COQ system should Werner Schuele, the Vice President of People Asset Effectiveness, recommend? 1) Importance of COQ Average net profit for many companies are less than 5% of sales. COPQ (Costs Of Poor Quality) is big, usually 15~20% of sales. Total COQ on the average is 25% of sales. Some companies are as high as 40%. COPQ is usually 3 to 5 times of its profit, can be 10 times. So â€Å"Don’t let poor quality costs eat companies’ profits! † is important. If company reduces COPQ, can have higher profit for company. 2) Limitations of COQ (Traditional way) There are some limitations of COQ. For example, misunderstanding poor cost of quality drivers means not to figure out the root causes of poor quality correctly. The company put lots of efforts and money to the drivers but they could not get it properly. Additionally, there are some other limitations on process, people, measurement, culture and etc. Finally, these limitations lead unsuccessful COQ implementation. Especially, Mr. Schuele concerned that, in this case, capturing indirect COPQ costs is very important. These costs can cause considerable loss to the company; even the company can be collapsed. But it is very hard to measure and find it out. If the costs can’t be measures in numbers, then the company can’t handle and invest to reduce costs. 3) Recommendations Increasing Revenue through high quality In traditional way, companies put lot of efforts to reduce costs to maximize their profit. As time goes by, quality is getting important in market. Customers want good quality products than low quality and cheap products. Moreover, nowadays many of companies have heaps of data of customer needs. If they can make high quality products through these data and effective quality control strategy, their profit will be increased. This approach is a new profit maximization strategy. 4) Point of view The company should change a different point of view about COQ from costs to process or strategy. As successful Japanese company, company-wide efforts from teams directly related with production to indirect teams to do COQ activity constantly will be needed through processes or systems. Constant process like TQM (Total Quality Management) can be an answer. Through TQM, every direct or indirect teams or employees try to find any problems with production, even extend their effort to optimize company and their process. Therefore the company can find and improve indirect costs naturally which normally hard to find, too. Finally, Long term view will be needed for executing COQ. Short-term COQ and TQM In short term view, their process will be trapped in death spiral, like this picture. For profit, cutting budget for production leads more error, and fixing costs and low quality product. It cause total costs increase and poor profits. Long-term COQ and TQM On the other hand, long term view leads virtuous circle. Proper invest in quality improvement causes improvement of productivity and quality. Finally they will decrease in total costs and get higher profits.

Stalin`s Rise Essay Example For Students

Stalin`s Rise Essay Stalins rise to power was a combination of his ability to manipulate situationsand the failure of others to prevent him from taking power, especially LeonTrotsky. Trotsky did not take advantage of several opportunities which wouldhave helped him to crush Stalin politically. When he failed to take advantage ofthese opportunities, Stalin maneuvered himself into a stronger position withinthe party by allying with Zinoviev and Kamenev. He manipulated them intocrushing Trotsky, thus eliminating the strongest opponent in his path to power. Stalin deftly avoided potential political ruin when Lenin formulated hisTestament in December 1922. Lenins Testament described what he thought of thefuture of the Party and Party leaders, especially Trotsky and Stalin. Leninwarned of a potential split in which Stalin and Trotsky would be the chieffactors. When describing Stalin, Lenin felt that he had concentratedunlimited authority in his hands and whether he will always becapable of using that authority with sufficient caution. (Clark 472). Thecontent of Lenins Testament eventually became more detrimental to Trotsky thanStalin. Coupled with the Lenin incidentally undermining Trotsky, Stalinmanipulated the content of the Testament to enhance his stature. By mentioningStalin as one of the prominent members of the Party, Lenin raised Stalinsstature to that of Trotsky. The equivalent stature of Stalin and Trotsky madeTrotsky seem to be less important in relation to Lenin and thus to the Partyapparatus. Further damaging Trotsky, Lenin d escribed him as possessingexcessive self-confidence and overly attracted by the purelyadministrative aspects of affairs (Clark 472) The lattercharacterization of Trotsky was one that Stalin employed against him throughouttheir struggle for power. Lenin then added a postscript to the Testament onJanuary 4, 1923, characterizing Stalin as a poor choice for Secretary General bystating, Stalin is too rude and this defect becomes intolerable in aSecretary General. (Clark 474). Lenin continued on to state thatthe comrades think about a way of removing Stalin from that post andappointing another man (Clark 474). Lenin felt that if the removal ofStalin was not acted upon, the conflict between Trotsky and Stalin wouldescalate, which would in turn endanger the party as a whole. Combined with theTestament, the Postscript could have served as a tool for Trotsky to obtainpower, instead Stalin squashed it in the Central Committee. Another possibleadvantage left unused by Trotsky was Lenins disagre ement with Stalin on how tohandle the Georgian Affair. During the war with Poland, the Soviet republicsigned a treaty with the Menshevik government of Georgia, whichsolemnly undertook to respect Georgian independence. (Segal 240). Leninwanted to maintain that Georgia remained a sovereign and independentunit which would have joined the Russian federative state. (Clark 477). AsCommissar of Nationalities, Stalin ordered the suppression of the Menshevikparty in Georgia. In order to achieve his goal, Stalin was preparing aconstitution which was to be much more centralistic and wouldcurtail and abrogate the rights of the non-Russian nationalities Alsoin this new constitution, Stalin was going to change Soviet Federationof republics into the Soviet Union. (Pro 51) Through a series of notes,after the postscript, Lenin, with a guilty conscience, admitted that he had notsufficiently stopped the new oppression of the weak by the strong and viewed thecentralistic nature of Stalins scheme as bei ng borrowed from Tsardom andonly just covered with a Soviet veneer (Pro 71). He proceeded todictate notes on the Georgian Affair, which were scathing criticisms of Stalinsconduct. He described Stalin as a truly Russian man, the Great Russianchauvinist, who is essentially an oppressor (Pro 71). Lenincommunicated to Trotsky that he desired him take upon yourself thedefense of the Georgian affair at the Central Committee (Clark 479) andattached a copy of his notes on the subject. Warning Trotsky not to showweakness or uncertainty and not to accept any compromises that Stalin mightoffer. He stressed the need to avoid warning Stalin and his associates of theoffensive. Stalins antagonism towards Trotsky was apparent. He criticizedStalins performance as Commissar of Rabkrin by stating that it wasuseless to look to Rabkrin for guidance if the need arises for any change ofpolicy or for any serious reform in organization (Pro 47). Zinoviev,the most popular member of the Politbureau, acted as Lenins loud andstormy mouthpiece whos knowledge about the world was unrefined andunpolished consequently leaving him devoured by ambition to rise higher inthe party (Pro 79). Kamenev, though less popular, was more respected byinner party leaders. Armed with a more cultivated intellect and a steadiercharacter Kamenev was attracted by moderate ideas and policies which set him upas Zinovievs idealistic balance. Their traits complemented each other and thusthey compromised and worked together well. The combination of these threeleaders produced a majority against Trotsky in the Politbureau. Instead ofexecuting Lenins intentions, he proceeded to accept an undesirable compromise. .u2818c9358567a00000b698a3fd51d20a , .u2818c9358567a00000b698a3fd51d20a .postImageUrl , .u2818c9358567a00000b698a3fd51d20a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2818c9358567a00000b698a3fd51d20a , .u2818c9358567a00000b698a3fd51d20a:hover , .u2818c9358567a00000b698a3fd51d20a:visited , .u2818c9358567a00000b698a3fd51d20a:active { border:0!important; } .u2818c9358567a00000b698a3fd51d20a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2818c9358567a00000b698a3fd51d20a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2818c9358567a00000b698a3fd51d20a:active , .u2818c9358567a00000b698a3fd51d20a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2818c9358567a00000b698a3fd51d20a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2818c9358567a00000b698a3fd51d20a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2818c9358567a00000b698a3fd51d20a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2818c9358567a00000b698a3fd51d20a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2818c9358567a00000b698a3fd51d20a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2818c9358567a00000b698a3fd51d20a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2818c9358567a00000b698a3fd51d20a .u2818c9358567a00000b698a3fd51d20a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2818c9358567a00000b698a3fd51d20a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Noah Webster Essay We will write a custom essay on Stalin`s Rise specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Lenin intended on expelling Stalin from the party for at least two years. Trotsky stated that he was against removing Stalin but he agreedwith Lenin in substance (Pro90). He wanted Stalin to apologize toKrupskaya, behave more loyally to his colleagues, and most importantly stoppushing the Georgians around. Stalin accepted these terms with great enthusiasm. Eager to rectify his behavior, Stalin prepared a written statement to thegeneral congress that denounced the Great Russian Chauvinism that was beingexacted upon the Georgians. The most serious of Lenins strokes occurred afterthis. The final stroke was debilitated him, by paralyzing him, rendering himspeechless, and causing him to suffer from sporadic spells of unconsciousness. The generous terms of Trotskys compromise and Lenins last stroke had multipleeffects upon his ability to obtain party leadership and affected how Stalinpursued his leadership goals. Stalins triumvirate successfully kept LeninsTestament and Postscript inside of the Central Committee. Kamenev objected bystating that it should not be published because it was not a speech givenat the Politbureau. (Vol 243) Zinoviev thought that the document shouldonly be distributed to the Central Committee. Stalin suggested that there was noreason to publish the document because Lenin did not leave any instructions to. Tomsky, Solts and Slavatinskaya, all agreed with Zinoviev. The opposition topublication was apparent and the triumvirate succeeded in suppressing Leninsdocuments. Further action against Trotsky was being undertaken by thetriumvirate. By using his position as the General Secretary of the Party, Stalinbegan to install supporters of the ring in place of Trotsky supporters. Partyorganizers were employed on the criteria that they were against Trotsky. Political biographies were being reviewed and references to Trotsky were beingreduced thus slowly eliminating him from important moments in history. The deathof Lenin in January of 1924 allowed the triumvirate to begin to openly attackTrotsky. They labeled Trotsky a factionalist. He wrote two letter that gaveStalin and his allies enough ammunition to render Trotsky politically powerless. In the first letter Trotsky blamed the Scissors Crisis on seriouserrors of economic and political management by the leadership which was aneffect of the extreme worsening of internal Party conditions was due to theprocess of bureaucratization that had overwhelmed the Party The nextletter, named the ?Trotskyist Manifesto, stated that, the Partyhierarchy, increasingly selects the memberships of conferences and congress changing them into mere extensions of the hierarchy and the factionalism mustbe stopped by those who instituted it and a more comradely unit must beinstalled in order to achieve internal Party democracy. (Vol 248). Thisletter opened up the opportunity to accuse Trotsky of reverting back toMenshevism. The Thirteenth Party Congress proceeded to condemn Trotsky and hissupporters opinions as a Menshevik revision of Bolshevism.(Vol249) Labeling Trotsky as a factionalist enabled Stalin to finally start topoint out how Trotsky was in disagreement with Lenin and thus was an enemy tothe Party. Stalin took this power and developed himself into the interpreter ofLeninism. Stalin worked on eroding Trotskys reputation that was built upon theOctober revolution and the civil war. He characterized Trotskys roles in theaffairs to be over inflated. Eventually, after constant political attack,Trotsky was informed that under article 58 of the criminal code, i.e. the charge of counter-revolutionary activity(Pro 391) he would bedeported to Alma Ata in Turkestan. Expulsion was the last step in Trotskysfailure to achieve power. He was taken to Constantinople from where heeventually emigrated to Mexico. Stalins ability to take advantage of Trotskyserrors allowed him to move on to crush the less significant former alliesKamenev and Zinoviev. After eliminating his political opponents Stalin would notbe opposed by anyone until his death.

Free Essays on Neanderthals

The Neanderthals lived in areas ranging from Western Europe through central Asia from about 200,000 to between 36,000 and 24,000 years ago. The Neanderthals lived in groups of 30 to 50 individuals, they invented many of the tool types that were to be perfected by fully sapient peoples, they had weapons adequate to deal with both the cave lion and cave bear, they used body paint, buried their dead. Neanderthal Man survived through the Ice Age. They are thought to have had fire. Neanderthals lived side by side with modern humans for over 10,000 years. There are many theories on why the Neanderthals disappeared. Most of them involve Homo Sapiens in one way or another, considering that the Neanderthal's extinction coincides with the early human's estimated arrival in Europe from their original home in Africa. The first theory states that modern humans killed off the Neanderthals. With a much more sophisticated technology, Neanderthals would have had to compete with modern humans for their meals. This would have definitely led to fight with starvation and a decrease in the overall Neanderthal population, which could have been the cause of extinction. Also, in contrast to Cro-Magnons, who lived to well into there fifties, Neanderthals had a much shorter life span, barely surviving until the age of forty. The Neanderthals may have reacted to the new humans as enemies. Since the modern humans are presumed to have been smarter than the Neanderthals, and since modern humans are still alive today, this theory concludes that fighting wiped the Neanderthals out. However, this theory does have its faults. First of all, why would two cultures begin to fight after many thousands of years of peaceful coexistence? Also, it shows a lot of human arrogance to assume that early man could take an entire spe cies that was stronger and almost as smart as them and fight it to extinction. The second theory suggests that diseases introduced by the mode... Free Essays on Neanderthals Free Essays on Neanderthals The Neanderthals lived in areas ranging from Western Europe through central Asia from about 200,000 to between 36,000 and 24,000 years ago. The Neanderthals lived in groups of 30 to 50 individuals, they invented many of the tool types that were to be perfected by fully sapient peoples, they had weapons adequate to deal with both the cave lion and cave bear, they used body paint, buried their dead. Neanderthal Man survived through the Ice Age. They are thought to have had fire. Neanderthals lived side by side with modern humans for over 10,000 years. There are many theories on why the Neanderthals disappeared. Most of them involve Homo Sapiens in one way or another, considering that the Neanderthal's extinction coincides with the early human's estimated arrival in Europe from their original home in Africa. The first theory states that modern humans killed off the Neanderthals. With a much more sophisticated technology, Neanderthals would have had to compete with modern humans for their meals. This would have definitely led to fight with starvation and a decrease in the overall Neanderthal population, which could have been the cause of extinction. Also, in contrast to Cro-Magnons, who lived to well into there fifties, Neanderthals had a much shorter life span, barely surviving until the age of forty. The Neanderthals may have reacted to the new humans as enemies. Since the modern humans are presumed to have been smarter than the Neanderthals, and since modern humans are still alive today, this theory concludes that fighting wiped the Neanderthals out. However, this theory does have its faults. First of all, why would two cultures begin to fight after many thousands of years of peaceful coexistence? Also, it shows a lot of human arrogance to assume that early man could take an entire spe cies that was stronger and almost as smart as them and fight it to extinction. The second theory suggests that diseases introduced by the mode...

Employee Reward and Recognition Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Employee Reward and Recognition Systems - Essay Example The compensation strategy offered by the company for its employees must be fair and without any biases. The company must have compensation policies wherein it would reimburse or compensate the full amount for the employees for any accident or any such condition faced during the working hours. However, the company will have to ensure that such situations have not arisen out of any negligence on the part of the worker. These would include fatal accidents within the company premises only. Every employee desires to be awarded and appreciated for his work and efforts. The company needs to make sure that it addresses this need of the employee from time to time so that it retains the interest and morale of the employee. Rewarding the employee financially by providing different sorts of benefits is essential in this respect. However, the company needs to ensure that it forms its financial reward system by remaining unbiased and transparent. The company needs to evaluate its internal as well as its legal formalities while forming such a system for awarding its employees. Intangible or non-financial benefits can also be given but it has been seen that it is the tangible or precisely the financial form that makes more impact on the employee performance. In the case of Electra Pvt Ltd, the company is on a growing spree. It wishes to expand its business. As such it would include more manpower and sources. It thus becomes all the more crucial to retain as well as absorb new recruits which can be done by appreciating their work on a regular basis. The company must be impartial and fair while rewarding its employees.

ART Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 22

ART - Essay Example According to the artist, he is an admirer of realists saying that there is a â€Å"basic visual magic in the ability of pigments to credibly translate our 3-dimensional world to the flat 2- dimensional world of paper and canvas† (scottsdalefinearts.com). Indeed, his work presents this feature, having those realistic traits one sees when looking at real subjects. As a viewer, when I look at the artwork, I seem to be looking at a photograph especially when I stand from a distance. The three-dimensional concept of real images is perfectly captured in the painting that one can only notice that it is a painting when he gets near the artwork. There is a sense of distance when one looks at the painting. This is achieved by presenting images as it would be naturally seen. For instance, the nearer images are made bigger than the other parts of the subject while the ones farther from the viewer are made smaller. Moreover, the parts which are presented to be near the viewer are more detailed while the ones farther are not. The parts of the subject which are supposed to be near the beholder show the color of whatever little number of grasses there are in the canyon. It also shows the fine details of what could be observed in real canyons, the different shapes only nature could create with the lands. The marks left by waters and other natural circumstances are clearly represented in the painting and I think these are what make the painting very real. On the other hand, the figures which are presented to be farther away from the observer look smaller. Furthermore, as on a natural setting, the scope of the view is also wider. The details are also lesser rather just as one would observe in real-life situations. Another element used in the painting that perhaps helps enhance to make the work magnificent is the painter’s use of colors. They are very natural and this is perhaps shows what a keen observer the artist is. The

Capital Budgeting Techniques in Asset Investments

Capital Budgeting Techniques in Asset Investments Title: In practice asset investments are determined by using capital budgeting techniques – discuss using examples in real organisations Capital budgeting decisions are important because they affect the future earnings and growth of a company. Large amount of academic research has been devoted to establishing methods in asset investments. Most of these relate to Capital Asset Pricing Model, Net Present Value and Internal Rate of Return. But the question still remains how closely the above prescribed methods are followed in the real world. This paper looks at the financial methods used by small and large organisations in investment decision making and analyses whether there is any difference due to firm size. It also looks at whether there is any difference in the methods used during stable and unstable business environment. Net present value and Capital Asset Pricing Model are the two most common methods prescribed by academics for investment valuation. Over the years the above methods have become more common, yet various surveys find that the large companies use these methods more frequently than smaller firms. Small firms rely more on payback method for investment decision making. They also rely on their past experiences to decide which projects to take. During uncertain and crisis times, managements rely more on their qualitative analysis than on quantitative analysis to make investment judgments even though they carry out more financial analysis. A) Comparison of small and large business practices in relation to investment decisions Discounted cash flow methods are most common financial techniques mentioned in academic literature for investment decision making. Graham and Harvey (2001) carried out a survey of 392 CFOs in USA on capital budgeting techniques. They reported that the asset investment decision making relied heavily on the net present value technique in large firms. On the other hand, smaller firms were more likely to rely on payback method. Their survey and analysis clearly showed that firm-size was a major factor in deciding the corporate finance practices employed in investment decisions. Larger firms were more inclined to use Capital Asset Pricing Model than smaller firms. In case of smaller firms, CFOs used payback period method as frequently as NPV or IRR methods. They also noted that the dividend paying firms are more likely to use NPV and IRR methods as compared to non-dividend paying companies. Since dividend paying companies are on average larger than non-dividend paying companies, it shows that larger companies rely more on NPV and IRR for asset investment decision making. While Graham and Harvey (2001) study showed the growing importance of NPV as an asset investment decision tool, it also showed that the payback method is the third most likely used method in asset investment decision making process. Because of no time value of money in payback method, academics don’t use it for capital budget method. Buts its prevalence and third ranking shows that the companies still rely on relatively incorrect method for investment decision making. Brounen, Jong and Koedijk (2004) extended Graham and Harvey (2001) study to Europe. They surveyed 313 firms in UK, the Netherlands, Germany and France to analyse the practical applicability of the net present value and capital asset pricing models in the business world. Like results in Graham and Harvey (2001) study, their main observation was that the financial management practices are determined mainly by the size of a firm. But they found some differences in financial practices between companies based in USA and Europe. On capital budgeting, Brounen, Jong and Koedijk (2004) found that European firms are more likely to rely on payback method for investment decision making. While the payback method was third preference in the US, it was number one preference among European firms. Brounen, Jong and Koedijk (2004) noted that smaller firms use cost of capital as told by their investors. They don’t have robust resources in place neither internally nor resources to procure external services for cost of capital calculation. Absence of proper cost of capital measurement results in higher use of payback method. While in case of US companies, the use of NPV and payback method was equally distributed in the small firm segment, the use of payback was more prevalent in European smaller firms. This difference could be due to the difference in sample size of American and European firms. 51% of American firms in Graham and Harvey (2001) survey had sales of more than $500 million US dollars. The corresponding figure in Brounen, Jong and Koedijk (2004) survey is less than 25%. As the average size of European firms in Brounen, Jong and Koedijk (2004) survey was smaller than average size of American firms in Graham and Harvey (2001) survey, it is more likely that smaller firms use payback more than NPV in asset investment decision making. Ekanem (2005) surveyed 8 small enterprises in the printing and clothing sectors in UK to analyse their investment decision making process. His results showed that owner-managers of small firms rely more on their previous experience than formal evaluation to make investment decisions. He also lists the barriers faced by the small firms in investment decision making that result in owners’ reliance more on their experiences rather than formal evaluation. He cites absence of resources, both financial and managerial, to carry out proper financial evaluation and concentration of decision making in hands of one or two people as the major reasons behind their focus on past experiences. Ekanem (2005) also mentions the uncertain and risky nature of small enterprises as one of the reasons for relying more on experience. Small firms may run out of cash quickly due to sudden change in environment before they could see positive cash inflows from a project and hence many times ignore project s with higher payback periods. Sole trader A sole trader is most likely to employ his past experiences in evaluating an investment decision. If he had any past experiences which brought his current business or past businesses very close to bankruptcy due to high amount of debts, he would not like to take up projects which are not cash positive in short term even though they might have a positive net cash flow over their life. Most of the sole traders even don’t understand their true cost of capital. If they fund an internal project from internal accruals they don’t associate any cost with it. Very seldom they think about an opportunity cost of capital. Another reason for not associating costs to internal funds is the absence of difference between business and personal finances. Sole traders don’t have an external majority shareholder to report to and are not accountable to outsiders. They keep on drawing and adding back money to the business based on their personal requirements. Under such circumstances, it becomes very difficult for a sole trader to keep track of all cash flows associated with a project and hence is unable to do the asset investment decision making on the discounted cash flow model. As an example, we look at the independent pharmacies, i.e., those pharmacies not owned by a group or corporate houses and they normally have 1 to 5 pharmacy outlets in UK. Many of these are limited companies and owned and managed by a qualified pharmacist. Due to increasing regulatory requirements and competition, pharmacies are undergoing refurbishment to offer additional services and increase foot fall and over the counter sales. Over the counter sales have higher margins than NHS prescriptions. Most of the owners of the independent pharmacies are qualified pharmacists who have professionally managed their pharmacies but don’t have the financial expertise to properly evaluate an asset investment decision based on capital budgeting. When independent pharmacy owners spend money on refurbishment, they don’t take into account the cash flows associated specifically with the refurbishment over its project period. Most of them don’t have the financial expertise to build a full-scale discounted cash flow model to find out the net present value of the refurbishment project. Nor they like to spend money on external resources to do a financial evaluation. If they see that their peers in the pharmacy industry have managed to do well with refurbishment projects, they undertake similar projects. B) Comparison of investment decisions in stable and unstable business environments When companies have time to plan in advance, they do account for different risks when planning investment decisions. Cooper et. al. (2002) surveyed companies on the method of handling risk in the capital budgeting process. 87% of the respondents replied that they use subjective techniques and 65% affirmed that they used quantitative techniques. On the methods used to quantify risk, 33% of the respondents replied that they increase the required rate of return or cost of capital to compensate for risk considerations. But planning for risk in stable times and then taking decisions in unstable times are different things due to dynamics of things during unstable times. The major difference between stable and unstable environment is the increase in risk during unstable environment. Companies face two different kind of unstable business environments – company specific and economic-wide unstable business environment. Company specific unstable environment relate to company only and occur mostly due to rapid changes in that industry and/or the financial state of that company. The additional major risks facing a company under economic-wide unstable times are political risks and foreign exchange risks. Even though companies plan for political risks by adjusting rate of capital, when they actually face such a scenario, the investment decision making is more than just calculating net present value. Alessandri (2003) found that managers rely on their personal judgment and experience more than on quantitative decision tools as uncertainty increases. The use of qualitative tools more at the times of higher uncertainty deviates from the reliance of academic literature on quantitative tools only. Consider the example of firms planning to invest in Bolivia. Bolivia’s new president has nationalised mining industry. Any firm planning to invest in Bolivia will reassess the risk involved in investing there as its assets could be nationalised in future. It can use the net present value models and adjust political risk factor to incorporate future nationalising in Bolivia. But even after obtaining a positive net present value, most of the companies would not like to invest at current times. They would like to wait and watch to see further actions of the Bolivian government before making any investment decision. If the firm has external shareholders, the management would not like to invest in Bolivia now because if anything goes wrong in future, the management will find it very difficult to justify their action. They would rather play it safe and let the investment opportunity pass by if not invest later rather than facing a situation where their decisions could be severely cr iticised. The other major risk that could happen in unstable times is the foreign exchange risk. During 1997-98 the currencies of South East Asian countries plummeted. The drop was so sudden and so sharp that all financial modelling about risk incorporation couldn’t take full effects into consideration. Foreign investment in South East Asian countries in late 1997 and 1998 dropped significantly. Most of the companies waited for the government to take action and economy to stabilise before channelling in their investments. Because of the sharp drop in their currencies, it was widely expected that South East Asian countries would impose some ban on foreign capital repayment to prevent further out flow of foreign exchange. When countries did implement such ban, multinational companies were not sure when such a ban would be lifted and did not invest in South East Asian economies till the situation became normal. The rapid change in business environment during crisis times makes it very difficult for companies to assign value to various risk factors used in capital asset pricing model and net present value. This also results in managements relying more on qualitative analysis for investment decision making. Companies also face unstable business environment or crisis times which are specific to them only. This normally occurs when a company is perceived to be unable to meet its debt requirements and there are chances of it going into administration. At such times even though the company may come across a positive net present value project, it would be unable to invest money into the project because of high debt level concerns. Stagecoach is a UK listed firm in transportation sector. Prior to 2001, it had diversified in UK, Hong Kong and New Zealand. Sep 11, 2001 events severely impacted its tour operations because of reduced travel. Because of high fixed cost in establishing travel business, sudden drop in revenues raised doubts about the loan serviceability[1]. This was reflected in the sudden drop of Stagecoach’s share price which lost more than 3/4th of its value in the year 2002[2]. Even though Stagecoach’s Hong Kong operations were profitable, the management sold Hong Kong operations to reduce debt levels to meet market expectations[3]. The management also sold other operations in non-UK countries and its share of a joint venture with Virgin Rail to reduce debt levels. Investment decision making in crisis times involves more than just quantitative analysis and managements make decisions based on their past experiences and likely outcome of different scenarios. Many times during company-specific crisis of high debt, managements take investment decisions to meet market expectations rather than decisions based on net present value. CONCLUSION Capital budgeting decisions play a very important role in deciding future growth of a company. Academics rely on use of financial models like net present value, capital asset pricing model and internal rate of return to evaluate investment decisions. Over the years, the use of above methods has become more common. Large companies mostly use the above methods in asset investments. But in case of smaller companies, the use of other methods like payback period is still prevalent. Though over the years the gap between theory and practice has narrowed down, the use of payback period method shows that smaller companies either don’t have the expertise or resources to do proper financial evaluation. The owner-managers of smaller companies and sole traders also rely heavily on their past experiences to decide about investments. During uncertain and crisis times, managements rely more on their qualitative analysis than on quantitative analysis to make investment judgments even though they carry out more financial analysis. Managements would not like to take decisions just on the basis of net present value to invest during crisis times. BIBLIOGRAPHY Alessandri, T. (2003). â€Å"The impact of risk and uncertainty on rationality: Evidence from capital investment decision processes†. Working paper presented at the Academy of Management Conference, Seattle, WA. Brounen, D., A. de Jong and K. Koedijk (2004). â€Å"Corporate finance in Europe: Confronting theory with practice†. Financial Management, Tampa. Winter 2004. Vol. 33, Iss. 4; Pg. 71 Cooper, W.D., R.G. Morgan, A. Redman and M. Smith (2002). â€Å"Capital budgeting models: theory versus practice†, Business Forum, Los Angeles, 2002, Vol. 26, Iss. 1/2, Pg.15 Ekanem, I. (2005). â€Å"‘Bootstrapping’: The investment decision-making process in small firms†. The British Accounting Review, Kidlington. Sep 2005, Vol. 37, Iss. 3, Pg. 299 Graham, J.R. and Harvey, C.R. (2001). â€Å"The theory and practice of corporate finance: Evidence from the field†. Journal of Financial Economics, Amsterdam. May/Jun 2001. Vol. 60, Iss. 2,3; Pg. 187 [1] Stagecoach trading update (http://www.investegate.co.uk/Article.aspx?id=200204290701312056V) [2] Stagecoach share price chart (http://uk.finance.yahoo.com/q/bc?s=SGC.Lt=5y Date 21 Jan 2007) [3] Stagecoach’s sale of Hong Kong operations (http://www.investegate.co.uk/Article.aspx?id=200401190817013617U)